Exam 2 Study Guide

Big five

Openness to experience: curiosity, creativity

Conscientiousness: Dependability, organization

Extraversion: cheerfulness, leadership

Agreeableness: collaboration, honesty

Neuroticism: self-esteem, self-consciousness

roles of the Id, Ego, and Superego.

ID - the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

Ego - the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life's practical demands

Superego - the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

What are Freud's defense mechanisms? What are they for?

Defense mechanisms: unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

Repression
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Projection

What are Freud's psychosexual stages? What would happen if someone was fixated in each stage?

Oral:
Mouth: birth to 1 year
Fixation: aggressions/dependency (drinking, eating smoking, nail-biting)

Anal:
Bowel And Bladder Control: 1 to 3 years
Fixation: anal-expulsive, messy, wasteful, destructive. Anal-retentive: stringent, orderly, obsessive

Phallic:
Genitals: 3 to 6 years
Fixation: oedipus complex, castration anxiety, penis envy, womb envy

Latency:
Dormant: 6 years to puberty
Fixation: immaturity, inability to form adult relationships

Genital:
Maturation: puberty to death
Fixation: move from Id controlled self-focus into relationships with others due to matured Ego and Superego

Understand Maslow's hierarchy.

Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy Of Needs: the need to be good, to be fully alive, and to find meaning in life

Self-actualization needs: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities

Esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishments

Belongingness and Love needs: intimate relationships and friends

Safety needs: security, and safety

Physiological needs: food, water warmth, and rest

What is angst? Why do we feel it?

the unpleasant feeling caused by contemplating the meaning of life and how one should spend one's time

What is the person-situation controversy?

the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

What are personal constructs?

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

What is the Locus of Control?

The extent to which individuals believe how much control they have over their lives.

What are self-concept and self-esteem? What's the difference?

Self-concept: a person's explicit knowledge of their behaviors, traits, and other personality characteristics

Self-esteem: the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

What is proactive aggression?

aggression that is planned and purposeful

What is reactive aggression?

aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state

What is in-group favoritism?

the tendency to treat people better when they are members of one's group than when they are not

What is groupthink?

the tendency of groups to reach consensus to facilitate interpersonal harmony

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

the tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when surrounded by others who feel the same way

What is social loafing?

the tendency of people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

What is the bystander effect?

the tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an emergency when other bystanders are present

What is altruism?

Intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

What are the four main categories by which we are attracted to a mate?

Selectivity:
Women tend to be more selective of their partners than males

Attraction

Relationships

What is passionate love?

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

What is companionate love?

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

What is prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

What is discrimination?

negative behavior toward another person based solely on their category membership

What is a situational attribution?

factors outside the person doing the action, such as peer pressure

What is dispositional attribution?

the person's stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions

What are the three main motives of social influence?

Conformity: the tendency to do what others do

Obedience: the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do

Innovation: Pursuing goals unattainable through legitimate means

What is a stressor?

specific events of chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten a person's well-being

how does stress creates a physical response?

Fight or flight: an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action. (also freeze)

General adaptation syndrome (GAS): a 3 stage physiological stress response that occurs regardless of the stressor that is encountered

Alarm phase: the body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to the threat

Resistance phase: the body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor

Exhaustion phase: the body's resistance collapses; resulting in vulnerability

Understand how we interpret stress.

Primary appraisal: identifying the stressor (what and how bad is it?)

Secondary appraisal: determining whether the stressor is something that can be handled or not (do I have control over this?)

What is repressive coping?

avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

What is rational coping?

facing a stressor and working to overcome it

What are aspects of situation management?

Social support: aid gained through interaction with others

Religiously and spiritually tend to have a positive correlation with positive health outcomes

Humor: laughter is the best medicine (within reason) not all humor is created equally

Scheduling and activating: procrastinating is not good for your health!