Harrison History Chapter 3

Who was the primary participant in the Silk Road?

China - produced silk

What are some technological advancements that allowed easier traveling on the Silk Road?

Yokes, saddles, stirrups

What are places the Silk Road spread Buddhism too and it took root?

Oasis cities in Central Asia such as Merv, Samarkand, Khotan, Dunhuang

How did Buddhism ideals change as it diffused?

Became more materialistic. The begging origins became a symbol rather than reality. RICHHH

How did religious practice for Buddhism change?

It became a more devotional Mahayana form. Featured Buddha as a diety, emphasized compassion, had bodhisattvas (enlightened beings). Picked up elements of other cultures

What is the Pure Land School?

School for Buddhism which taught that chanting Amitabha ensured rebirth into “Pure Land” (cult behavior lwk)

What was the attack against Buddhism?

Chinese state made imperial decrees that made monks and nuns return to normal life and destroyed religious buildings. Confiscation of valuables

How did Chinese traditions affect Korea?

Kumsong modeled off of Chang’an, tribute missions sent, students sent to learn Confucianism

How did Chinese traditions affect Japan?

Schools of Chinese Buddhism, Chinese Chan of Buddhism became Zen and popular among samurai, Neo-Confucianism became official ideology of Japanese Tokugawa regime

What caused and what is the Mongol world war?

Chinggis Khan launched attack on China. It’s a series of military campaigns and empire building which allowed the Mongols to expand greatly

What made the Mongols have “good timing”?

China was divided and Song dynasty lost control of Northern Territory, Abbasid caliphate small and weak

What was the structure of the Mongol’s military units?

Units of 10, 100, 1000, 10000. Allowed effective command and control

What did the Mongols do with their conquered people?

Enlisted them for labor, took the specialized for their service, enlisted into army,

What allowed the Mongols to mobilize their army?

Elaborate census-taking, relay stations, beginnings of centralized bureacracy

How did the Mongols appeal to the conquered?

Offered merchants good deals, allowed Chinese and Muslim officials to hold positions, welcomed any religion

How did the Mongol attack on Russia differ?

No stationed Mongols. They viewed Russia as less developed and just taxed them heavily

What did the Ming dynasty do the rid the influence the Mongols had on them?

More restrictive Confucianism and gender roles

How did the Mongols rule China?

Discriminated against them. Were very harsh.

How did Persia’s encounter with the Mongols differ?

Mongols who conquered them became Muslim, they learned a bit of Persian, some assimilated

What caused the Europeans to seek out a diplomatic relationship with the Mongols?

Wanted to get information, to convert them, and to secure aid in the Crusades

What caused the Mongol empire to be so cosmopolitan?

They transferred skilled people to wherever they were needed, and they attracted merchants and missionaries due to their tolerance

Who reaped the most out of the exchange in the Mongol empire?

The Europeans

What allowed the Sea Roads to carry items in bulk?

Ships + lower transportation cost

What are some technological advancements in the Sea Roads?

Ships like Chinese junks, Arab/indian dhows, navigation techniques

How did Islam contribute to the Sea Roads?

It’s spread and conversion → trust among merchants

How did the spread of bananas occur and what was its affects on Africa?

Domesticated in Southeast Asia, spread to Madagascar/East African coast, spread inland. It enhanced agricultural growth + population growth

How did Southeast Asia get “Indianized"?

Adopted indian artistic forms, alphabets, architecture, sculpture, etc. Was all voluntary borrowing

What was the origins of Melaka?

Established in 14th century by prince from Sumatra. Went from fishing village → major port city

Why was Melaka called the first globalized city?

It sold stuff from all over the world

What helped the rise of Melaka?

Its relationship with China: sent tribute missions and served as a naval base. Pepper was also very profitable

What religion did Melaka spread?

Islam

Who commissioned the Chinese fleet and who was the captain?

Yongle of Ming dynasty commissioned, Zheng He was captain

What did Zheng He’s fleet accomplish?

Established Chinese influence and control

What caused Zheng He’s fleet to suddenly end?

Death of Yongle, idea that Chinese were superior and didn’t need outside influence, waste of resources, thought it was “project of court eunuchs”

What are the 2 ecological zones of sub saharan Africa’s agricultural regions?

Savanna grasslands immediately south of Sahara which produced grain crops. Forest areas further south which produced root and tree crops

What was a major turning point of African commercial life?

Introduction of Arabian camel. It made Saharan trade possible

What was appealing about Islam in West Africa?

Provided link to Muslim merchants, offered religious legitimacy to monarchs and source of literate officials

Who was Mansa Musa?

Really rich guy who went on pilgrimage to Mecca and made West Africa rlly famous because of how stupidly rich he was

Why was Ibn Battuta shocked when visiting West Africa?

He saw how revealing women were and how they could do whatever. This was because Islam wasn’t forced upon West African people so Islam became very Africanized

What was the Islamic Green Revolution?

Exchange of food crops and watering techniques which increased food production, leading to population growth and urbanization

How did paper making techniques affect the Abbasid caliphate?

Spurred emergence of books and written culture

What made Arab medicine and doctors so amazing?

They built on earlier Greek and Indian practices. They had first hospitals, clinics, and affected European medicine for centuries

What were the Crusades?

Holy wars initiated by Christian Western Europe

What was the cause of the Crusades?

Christian piety and warrior values of the elite

What did the Crusades demonstrate?

They demonstrated Europe’s growing capacity for organization, finance, transportation, and recruitment

What did the Crusades do to the Muslim’s stereotypes of Western Europe?

Muslims called them Franks and believed they were barbaric, dirty, and sexual. It advanced these stereotypes

Did the Crusades have a large impact on the Islamic world?

Nah. Even throughout the Crusades, Europeans and Muslims still traded and married and were friends

Did the Crusades have a large impact on Europe?

Yeah, introduced luxury goods to them and they learnt techniques.

What did the Ottoman Empire do?

Conquered remains of Christian Byzantine empire, captured Constantinople, and seized much of southern Europe.

Did the Americas have long distant trade? Why or why not?

Not really. It was due to the lack of horses, donkeys, wheeled vehicles, and large oceangoing vessels. Geographic and environmental obstacles were there too

What are the 4 nodes of commercial activity in the Americas?

Cahokia, Chaco Canyon, Mesoamerica, Inca Empire

What did Cahokia circulate?

Cahokia shells, copper, buffalo hides, obsidian, mica

What was Cahokia known for?

Its huge terraced pyramid. Was focal point of community

What was the Chaco Phenomenon?

Settlements aka pueblos emerged, encompassing 25000 square miles

What did Chaco circulate?

Copper bells, macaw feathers, shells, turquoise ornaments

How did Chaco end?

drought

Who were the pohteca?

Aztec merchants who undertook large scale trading expeditions. so rich

How did trading work in the Inca empire?

storehouses had lots of supplies which were recorded on quipus (knotted cords) and transported by caravans across roads