ehap chapter 18 id terms

iron curtain

• ideological and physical division b/t communist eastern and capitalist western europe

• significant for marking the start of the cold war (churchill’s iron curtain speech) and defining the ideological and physical boundaries of the time

truman doctrine

• american foreign policy in 1947 to try and contain the spread of communism by helping countries threatened by (mainly internal) communist forces

  • basically countries that were already communist could stay communist w/o american interference, but if another country was facing communist revolt then america would come and back up the non-communist side

• significant as it helped escalate cold war and showed american commitment to stopping the spread of communism

  • example in greek civil war

greek civil war

• 1946-49 civil conflict b/t greek communist forces and the greek government (supported by gb and america), communists lost

• significant for being an example of the truman doctrin being put into place, one of the first conflicts of the cold war, and for marking the containment of communism in europe outside of ussr/eastern bloc

marshall plan

• 1948 american financial aid plan designed to help reconstruct european economies, modernize trade/industry, and prevent the spread of communism

• significant for rebuilding the european economy and for increasing tensions as stalin thought it was going to undermine soviet influence in eastern europe

comecon

• council of rmutual economic assistance

• 1949 soviet response/version of the marshall plan designed to help economic development of socialist countries

• significant for furthering east/west division and strengthening soviet influence

berlin blockade

• allies unite their economic zones of germany into one → ussr gets stressed out → soveits block all rail and water transport from western germany into west berlin and declare berlin is entirely theirs

• significant for greatly increasing tensions and prompting the airlift

berlin airlift

• western response to blockade → airlift vital supplies into west berlin

• ends after soviets stop the blockade following western interference with East German communications and Western embargo on Eastern bloc goods

• significant for provision of vital supplies and for symbolizing western willingness to stop soviet expansion

nato

• north atlantic treaty organization

• 1949 military alliance b/t usa, canada, and west europe to defend against soviet aggression

• significant for clearly dividing global politics, bolstering western security and deterring further soviet expansion

warsaw pact

• soviet response/version to nato with eastern european states

• significant for further reinforcing division in europe, provided significant soviet military influence on participating states

big science

• large scale government funded scientific research during cold war

• significant for propelling the usa/ussr tech rivalry through the space race, arms race, and other military innovation, helped ppl through green revolution, reducing consumer prices, and entertainment advances

arms race

• usa vs ussr trying to build the most and the best nuclear weapons

• significant for defining the greatest factor of the cold war (impending nuclear war and mutually assured destruction) and for the buildup of weapons

  • much fear, much tension

space race

• usa vs ussr on who can do the best space exploration first

• ussr got the first satellite, but usa got the first man on the moon

• significant for being a key technological battlefield and a way to show superiority on a global stage

sputnik 1

• ussr launched the first artificial satellite in 1957

• significant for starting the space race, fueling american tech dev with fears of soviet advancements

nasa

• usa space exploration agency established after sputnik in 1958

• significant for allowing america to catch up in the space race

economic miracle

• rapid economic recovery and growth following ww2 (special since economies normally drop after war)

• due to marshall plan and lack of compete demilitarization due to cold war

• significant for helping to consolidate power in democratic-capitalist govts and curb the spread of communism

christian democrats

• political movement in western europe, especially in italy and germany that advocated for christianity + social and economic reforms like welfare + centrist ideology

  • very popular

• significant for curbing spread of communism through anti-authoritarianism, anti-exclusionary nationalism, and pro-traditional family values and rebuilding

exceptions of greece, spain, and portugal

• they supported nato but didnt undergo the democratic transformations

• greece had a monarchy and portugal and spain were under fascist dictatorships

welfare state

• scandi and gb

• state sponserd benefits, nationalized industries, high taxes on wealthy

• significant for allowing living standards to rise sharply

european economic cooperation (eec)

• created to cooperate in receiving marshall plan aid, promoted commerce and closer ties

• significant for laying foundation for eu and promoting economic stability

council of europe

• created to cooperate in receiving marshall plan aid, promoted commerce and closer ties

• european federalist hoped it would become a pan-european sovereign parliament but that didnt happen

• significant for laying foundation for eu and promoting economic stability

european steel and coal community

• founded by christian democrats

• economic goal of a single, transnational market for steel and coal without national tariffs or quotas → bind economy so war cant happen

• significant for creating the common market/european economic community and increasing international and national trade/growth

charles de gaulle

• ww2 leader of free france movement, elected president of france in 1958

• significant for viewing america as a threat to european independence, withdrew french military forces from nato and made autonomous nuclear weapons

expansion of consumer market

• allowed bc of economic miracle making full employment and high wages and advent of social security nets → people bought more consumer goods

• significant for increasing economic growth and facilitating consumer culture

cominform

• communist information bureau

• 1947 soviet organization to coordinate communist activities worldwide

• significant for consolidating soviet influence in eastern europe and spreading communism

east bloc

• ussr and its satellite states with soviet-based communist systems

  • east germany, poland, hungary, czechoslovakia, etc

• significant for being the political, military, ideological rival to the western bloc

josep tito

• anti-nazi communist leader of yugoslavia who successfully resisted soviet domination

• significant for his pivotal role in creation of a soviet-free communist state

east german construction workers revolt 1953

• workers uprising in east berlin to wprotest for better wages and conditions —> expanded into a protests against the govt

• brutally crushed

• significant for being an early challenge to communist rule in east europe and highlights tensions in soviet satellite states

socialist realism

• official art style of ussr that promoted idealized versions of soviet life

• significant due to its use as a propaganda tool to portray communist/soviet society as better than western/capitalist society

nikita khrushchev

• leader of ussr from 1953 to 1964 who led ussr through many of the major crises, like the cuban missile crisis

• significant for destalinization and reform policies that helped deescalate tension and improve east bloc living standards

destalinization

• process of liberal reform following death of stalin, spearheaded by nikita khruschev

• significant for greatly improving economic growth and curbing power of secret police and torture

• basically loosened up ussr from stalins stalinness

peaceful cooexistance

• khrushchev calls for relaxation of tension swith west and supports the idea that west and east can be chill instead of doing the whole marxist violent class struggle thing

• significant for greatly reducing cold war tensions and allowing for diplomatic exchange during this period

1956 polish protests

• stemmed from destalinization

• election of new govt saying many roads to socialism could exist and they would be loyal to warsaw pact

• significant as it allowed poland to gain autonomy from soviet control and was still communist but with the catholic church

imre nagy

• liberal communist prime miniter of hungary who proposed democratization → open multiparty elections, relaxation of censorship, wanted to leave the warsaw pact

• significant for his proposal of leaving the warsaw pact that led to the hungarian uprising

1956 hungarian uprising

• following nagy’s proposals of democracy and leaving the warsaw pact, the ussr got scared of loosing soviet control and crushed the hungarian revolution bitterly

  • hungary though the west would help but they didnt bc of the suez canal crisis and bc they were scared of the ussr

• significant for leading to a new communist regime in hungary and further soviet control

berlin wall

• physical barrier constructed in 1961 by walter ulricht (east german leader) to curb migration to west berlin

• significant as its construction marked a high point in cold war tension and a symbol of the war and the bloc division

cuban missile crisis

• 13 day confrontation in 1962 over soviet nuclear missiles in cuba, closest we’ve gotten to nuclear war

• significant as it highlighted the need for a direct communication line b/t moscow and dc (the hotline)

• significant as it increases jfk’s approval and rapidly decreased khrushchev’s influence

lenoid brezhnev

• ussr leader after khrushchev, did re-stalinization, arms buildup, and economic stagnation

• significant bc he further expanded soviet influence and power, and his creation of the brezhnev doctrine

decolonization

• post-ww2 process of colonies gaining independence from european imperial powers

• significant as these newly independent countries became grounds for cold-war proxy wars

nonalignment

• foreign policy pursued by some newly independent countries of not joining either western or eastern bloc

• significant for being a third force in global politics and for emphasizing the unity of states emerging out of colonial domination

decolonization in dutch indochina

• following the bitter guerilla warfare of the national revolution (1945-49) indonesia gained independence

• significant as it represented a huge step for anti-colonial movements and was a key non-aligned country

ho chi minh

• communist revolutionary leader of vietnam

• significant for his role in the vietnam war/decolonization of vietnam, symbol of anticolonial resistance and communist movements to western powers

first indochina war

• decolonization war fought b/t france and vietnam

• significant as it marked the beginning of the cold war in southeast asia, resulted in vietnamese independence

mohandas gandhi

• leader of indian independence movement against british colonial rule known for his philosophy of non-violence

• significant for his impact on future decolonization efforts and civil rights movements

partition of india

• 1947 creation of india and pakistan driven by political and religious tensions

• significant for creating lasting geopolitical tensions

british commonwealth

• political association of former british colonies

• significant as it provides an example of post-colonial cooperation and a shift away from imperialism

un partition of palestine and creation of israel

• division of formerly british-controlled palestine into two states (israel and palestine)

• led to immediate war → palestinian loss resulting in 60% of their state being occupied and ongoing refugee crisis

• significant for leading to cold war tensions and lasting geopolitical conflict

gamal abdel nassar

• president of egypt from 1956-70 and leader of the pan-arab movement, overthrew monarchy

• significant for nationalization of the suez canal, nonalignment policy, and further challenges to western imperialism

nationalization of the suez canal

• 1956 nasser nationalized the canal, which was one of the last western strongholds in the region

• british french and israeli forces attacked egytian airfields and invaded through the sinai peninsula

• america feared the imperialism would drive arab states to the soviet bloc → worked w soviets to end war

• significant for exemplifying weakening western control over their global empires

decolonization in the belgian congo

• belgium refused to grant independence until patrice lumumba led an aggressive anti-colonial movement

• usa worried that the new state would become soviet bloc bc lumumba was nonaligned → us-backed coup placing the dictator mobutu in charge

• significant as it led to the rule of a corrupt dictator and the congo becoming one of the poorest, most violent, and politically rife countries in the world

national liberation front

• algerian anticolonial and nationalist movement

• significant for fighting for algerian independence

algerian war

• fln revolts against french colonialism, french settlers demand the govt steps in → brutal war w/ torture and atrocity on both sides

• de gaulle is reinstated to keep algeria french but moves toward algerian self-determination instead

• significant as it led to algerian independence and the migration of french-algerian settlers back to france and the americas

fifth republic

• french political system established in 1958 under charles de gaulle

• significant for stabilizing france during the cold war

neocolonialism

• system designed to perpetuate western economic domination of former colonies

  • similar to usa in latin america in the 1800s

• significant as it led to dependence on former colonial masters, hurt political and economic progress of former colonies

growth of white collar workers

• increasing numbers of workers employed in office and professional work

• significan as it led to the growth of the middle class and increasing class flexibility

patterns of post-war migration

• movment of large populations following ww2

  • rural to urban, postcolonial to europe

• significant for providing new labor force to europe and changing population demographic

guest worker programs

• agreements b/t european and non-european nations to bring in temporary workers to fill up labor shortages

• significant for fueling postwar recovery and changing demographics

postcolonial migration

• migration of people from former colonies to europe

• significant for fueling postwar economic recovery and changing population demographics

rising xenophobia

• growing fear and suspicion towards immigrants in western europe following growing post-colonial migration

• significant as it led to immigrant isolation, employment and housing discrimination

baby boom

• rise in babies after ww2 due to economic stability and governmental push for women to return to homes

• contributed to growth of middle class and western youth culture

decline in birth rates in the 1960s-70s

• due to increased access to contraception and women in the workforce

• significant as it led to even more women joining the workforce and changing ideas about women’s roles

rising rates of working women

• growing number of women entering the workforce

• significant as it exemplified a shift towards ender equality and was a socio-economic change in the role of women

double burden

• phenonmenon where working women are expected to work outside the home and also do all traditional responsibilities of homemaking

• significant as it led to rise in women accepting part-time positions and contributed fuel to the feminist movement

teenager culture

• rise of distinct youth subculture following ww2, incl new music and increased consumer culture

• significant for symbolizing western cultural dominance → became a cultural battleground in cold war