World history chapter 3

factor that fosters long distance relationshipsand trade routes between China and other regions, enhancing economic cooperation and exchange.

(china intended to link economy’s: belt of connections, highways, pipes, power, etc)

Long distance trades impact on social life

-altered consumption habits

-places specializing in specific products

Long distance trades impact on political life

-spread religious ideas

-technology innovations 

-political ideas spread with people

Another process that facilitated interaction between societies

Growth of large states, ex: Ottoman Empire, Inca empires 

Spread Buddhism in china in 2nd-8th centuries 

Silk roads

mongol empire revitalizes commerce in 1200-1400

Silk roads

Sea routes became open between India and china in 350

Sea roads

610-700 facilitated more rise and spread of islam

Sea roads

Introduced camels to North America and the Sahara

Sand roads

1200-1500 Timbuktu became/was a major center of learning and commerce

Sand roads

1400-1500 Aztec and Inca empires facilitate commercial exchange

American networks

1100-1350 Cahokia is at the hub of Native American commercial network

American networks

Way that traders would travel on the silk roads

Large camel caravans on harsh and dangerous steppes, desserts, and oasis’s of Central Asia 

Where traders would stop along the silk roads

Caravanserai(inns/guesthouses) located on trade routes

-had rest, goods exchange, resupply, cultural exchange

Exchanged on silk roads by traders(not goods)

Culture and religion

type of goods exchanged on the silk roads

Luxury products to compensate high transport costs

What did silk symbolize

High status and the sacred in Buddhism and Christianity

List some technological and monetary innovations that increased silk road exchange 

-yokes

-saddles

-stirrups

-paper money

-bills of exchange

How did silk roads affect the lives of some farmers in china

They gave up food crops to produce silk, paper, porcelain, lacquerware, iron tools (more desirable, better payout)

How did Buddhism spread on the silk roads

Indian traders and Buddhist monks, spread even further from them

what’s the name of the cave in Dunhuang, china

Cave of one thousand Buddha’s

What did the cave of one thousand Buddha’s represent

Center of Buddhist learning, painting, sculpture, and religion as Buddhism spread

In what ways did Buddhism come under attack in china and why

Han yu (leading confusion leader) attacked through speech, because of differing ideology’s

Name two variations of Buddhism that came to exist in china

-Chinese Buddhism

-Neo-Confucianism

List some characteristics of neo-confusionism

-During the song dynasty

-focused on study and interpretation of Confucian texts

-rejected religious aspects of Buddhism and daoism, but liked high morals of Buddhists

How Buddhism assimilate in china

Buddhism became assimilated in China

Describe the interactions between china and Korea (neighbors)

-Korea sent tribute missions to china, giving Korean rulers legitimacy

-trade

-Korea helped expand Chinese culture

When did trading networks prosper most

Large, powerful states provided security for merchants/travelers in long distance

What’s some impacts of mongol rule through Eurasia

-incorporated silk roads with the largest land empire ever

-gave long distance trade

-facilitated spread of diseases(black plague)

Where did the mongol empire expand under Ganghis Khan

-China

-Central Asia 

-Russia

-much of Islamic Middle East

-parts of East Europe 

Factors that led to success in the mongol military

-*its own momentum*

-each victory brought new varied resources

How did mongols utilize the people they conquered 

converted them into military units

how did mongols administer their empire

Used conquered people as laborers and military, redistributed them all over

What specific policies benefitted merchants

-mongols offered 10% or more above their asking price

-allowed free use of relay stations for transport goods

How did mongol rule differ in Persia and china

Persia- military defeat

China- assimilated/new beuricratic systems

mongols rule in Eurasia-international commerce

-taxed it and extracted wealth

• gave secure environment for merchants

mongols rule in Eurasia-Diplomatic/political relations

• close relationships between Persia and china developed

• Shared intelligence,fostered trade, shared workers

mongols rule in Eurasia- Religious and cultural exchange

• religious tolerance drew missionaries, traders, and merchants

• Mongol capital(Karakoram) had places of worship for Buddhists, daoists, Muslims, Christian’s 

• Mongolians rulers married Christian women

mongols rule in Eurasia- Goods/tech/food

• movement of people caused exchange 

• Chinese tech flowed westward

Types of goods carried on silk roads

Luxury items 

Ideas and tech spread on silk roads

buddhism

Islam

Paper making

Gunpowder

Compass

pack animals on silk roads

camels

caravanserai on silk roads

oasis city’s - roadside inns

Paper money, bank houses, letters of credit

Innovations developed in china

Spread of Buddhism on silk roads

spread from India through Central Asia along the silk roads

buddhist monasteries on the silk roads

served as rest stops, banks, centers of learning, and. Wealth

cave art in dunhuang(cave of one thousand Buddha’s)

depicted Buddhist stories and life

the Black Death on silk roads

Devastating pandemic spread by trade routes( originating on rats in Central Asia)

impact of the black death

25-50% of death in europe’s population

Indian Ocean naval technology

• lateen sail

• Astrolabe 

• Chinese junk

• Arab dhow

Swahili city states

independent commercial city states along east Africa coast

• wealthy by gold, ivory, and slaves

buddhism and Islam on the sea roads

Buddhism= influential early on

Islam= dominant faith of merchant community’s 

state building in Indonesia

trade fueled rise of maritime states like Srivijaya and majapahit

Islam merchants on the sea roads

their widespread presence created a vast and trusted network

Religious monuments

• Borobudur- worlds largest Islam Buddhist temple

• Angkor Wat- originally Hindu, later Buddhist

• Both show wealth and spiritual influence on sea roads

trade and islam

• trade- highly valued in Islamic culture → prophet Muhammad himself was a merchant 

great Zimbabwe

powerful interior kingdom in Southern Africa that traded gold and other resources to Swahili city states (sea roads)

difference between Ming oceanic voyages and European oceanic voyages

Ming- Massive ships, tribute missions, did not seek to conquer or establish permanent colonies

European- smaller ships, wanted to conquer, colonize, convert, establish trade with Asia(economic development)

Ming dynasty

( 1368- 1644)- succeeded the mongol led yuan dynasty

Reaction to the mongols in china

effort to restore ethnic Chinese rule and Confucian values

Zheng He

devout Muslim- led 7 massive controversial naval expeditions for Ming emperor Yongle ( postcard activity)

Sub-Saharan trade

Gold, salt, slaves

camel saddle

Crucial tech innovation making trans Saharan trade possible

Aztec Pochteca

pro long distance merchants for the Aztec empire- served as spies for the state

incan roads

military, government and message use -highly extensive and sophisticated

cahokia

modern saint lewis- center of massive mound building society→ trade hub

Chaco Phenomenon

major center of ancestral Pueblo culture in present day US southwest

spread of maize

staple crop domesticate in mesoamerica

difference in silk, sea, and sand roads 

All- facilitated exchange of trade, goods, ideas

Silk- Primarily luxury goods

Sea- bulk goods over water

Sand- Connected across Sahara

American trade network vs Afro-Eurasia

America- less dense and less efficient

Afro Eurasia-opposite of America 

Features of pastoral people

Herder domesticated animals, nomadic, moved seasonally usually, relationship with agricultural

Role of women in mongol empire

Greater freedom and influence than most other argricultural scocietys

mongols attempts invading Japan

Failed twice due to Japanese resistance

Mongol khanates and regions conquered

• yuan dynasty

• Persia(ilkhanate)

• Russia(Golden Horde)

• Chagatai khanate (Central Asia )

Mongolian rule in china, Persia, and russia

china- mongols adopted administrative practices but remained separate

Persia- assimilated and settle down

Russia- ruled indirectly by collecting tribute - remained mostly on the steppes

silk roads with mongols

pax mongolica guaranteed safety of merchants

impacts of conquered regions with mongols

Initial devastation, followed by political stability, renewed trade, cultural diffusion

causes of the fall of the mongol empire

succesion disputes, overall Black Death

the crusades

a series of religious wars in Christian Europe to recover holy land from Muslim rule

Cultural and intellectual centers in the Islamic world

Baghdad, cordoba, and Cairo