19-21

University of North Carolina

First State University

One room schoolhouse

School houses with only one room that were under the direction of one teacher

Wesleyan College

First college for women only

Fireside poets

New England poets, who emphasized, family values, and patriotism in their poetry, also called the schoolroom poets

Transcendentalism

Philosophy, that taught man is divine, and can transcend or overcome reason, by trusting himself, and his own abilities, rather than trusting in God

Plantations

Large Southern Farms, on which cash crops such as tobacco, rice, sugarcane, or cotton were grown and cultivated, often by slave lever

Horace Mann

Promoted the idea of public primary school for all the children, found at the first school for the training of teachers

Blue-backed speller

Nickname of Noah Webster’s, American spelling book

Oberlin College

First college, to open its doors to women

Eclectric readers

Most widely used and distributed series of school books in America that were written by William McGuffey

James Russell Lowell

One of the fireside poets, who distinguished himself not only through powerful patriotic verse but also through work in foreign diplomacy, law, and injustices

Washington Irving

Author of the “legend of sleepy Hollow” and “Rip van Winkle”

Edgar Allen Poe

Writer who introduced the detective story as a form of literature, and wrote many poems and stories to find by a sense of darkness, and for voting, and popular for their appeal to the human sense of mystery and intrigue

James Finamore Cooper

Author of “the pilot” and the “leather stocking tails”, drew inspiration for his adventure stories from the American frontier, rather than from European trends, and is often considered to have written the first truly American novel

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of many excellent works of fiction, including “the house of seven Gables” and the “Scarlet Letter”

Herman Melville

Author of “Moby Dick”

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Unitarian minister and famous essayist who developed American transcendentalism

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

One of the fireside poets, who wrote many poems, including longer and narrative poems, and received worldwide recognition as a creative genius; only American poet honored in Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier

One of the fireside poets, who grew up as a quaker, and expressed the deep Christian faith and all his poems

Oliver Wendell Holmes

One of the fireside poets, who is also an essayist and medical doctor, and is noted for his patriotic verse in good common sense

Noah Webster

Country school teacher, who influenced several generations of American children through his American spelling book, nicknamed the blue back speller

Sequoya

Cherokee man who invented a written language for his people

General store

Place for families to purchase supplies and bring items to trade

Alexis de Tocqueville

French thinker who wrote positively about the coexistence of American religion and freedom

Camp – meeting revival

Religious services in which families would meet for several days to preach, pray, and sing

Mormonism

Name for the religion of the church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints; organized by Joseph Smith

Unitarianism

Believe that denied the trinity and man’s sin, nature, teaching instead, that human nature is essentially good, and that reason could solve all problems

American temperance union

Organization that distributed pamphlets warning against the use of alcohol

Abolition

Movement, which saw the complete elimination of slavery, and had the most profound effect on American history of all of the reform movements of the 19th century

Suffrage

The right to vote

John James Audubon

Talented, naturalist, and artist, who painted many of the birds of Americas forests

Charles Wilson Peale

Artist who helped found the Academy of fine arts in Philadelphia

Gilbert Stewart

Painter remembered for his mini portraits of George Washington

Stephen Foster

Best known American composer of the early 1800s and the first professional songwriter

Horace Greeley

Owner and editor of the New York tribune

James Gordon Bennett

Owner and editor of the New York Herald

Walt Whitman

Transcendentalist author and poet, known for his poems about nature, as well as poems about the energy and hopes of the American worker

Henry David Thoreau

Follower of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who spent two years living with nature at Walden Pond; author of “Walden”

Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna

Mexican dictator, who fought against the Texans in their battle for independence from Mexico

John Jacob Astor

Established the American fur company at the Rocky Mountain fur Company in the early 1800s.

Stephen Kearny

Colonel who captured Santa Fe during the Mexican war without firing a shot

John C Fremont

Captain who led forces that assisted in California’s bear flag revolt against Mexico

Winfield Scott

General who attacked the port city of Veracruz in the Mexican war

Zachary Taylor

General sent by President James Polk, to defend the Rio Grande at the border of Texas during the Mexican war; 12th, President of US

James PolK

11th President of US who campaigned on the slogan “54,40 or fight”

Dr. Marcus Whitman

Rev Henry Spaulding

Medical missionary, who worked among the indigenous people of Northwest, and established a mission among the Cayuse near the present Day city of Walla Walla, Washington; accompanied the great migration

Reverend who worked among the Nez Perce in the northwest

Jedediah Smith

Dedicated trailblazer from New York, who led an exhibition through the south, pass in the Rockies, becoming one of the first Americans to enter California by land from the east

William B Travis

Lieutenant colonel, who is the commanding officer of the regular army at the Alamo

James Bowie

Commanding officer of the volunteers at the Alamo

Davy Crockett

Nationally famous Tennessee frontiersman, marksman, and farmer; congressmen who fought the Alamo

Sam Huston

Soldier and statesman, who is commander-in-chief of the Texas Army; first, elected president of Texas

Stephen Austin

Established a large American settlement in Texas

Potato famine of 1840s

Over 4 million immigrants came to America; mold on potato caused widespread starvation; Americans discriminated against Irish Catholic faith and called them, dirty, diseased criminals

1825

Governor Dewitt Clinton of New York, opened the Erie Canal

1807

Robert Fulton developed first successful steamboat; became the major means of transportation for the cotton Ridge lands of south along the Ohio river

1858

Two American ships laid the first transatlantic cable under the cold Atlantic; first message sent to England “ glory to God, in the highest, on earth, peace, goodwill to all men”

New Orleans

Best known city of French heritage in the US; port city were pioneer, and colonial farmers could ship their goods; largest city in south that rival New York City as a center of business during 1800s; captured by union forces; giving north the control of Mississippi river during the Civil War

New York City

America’s first capital after the ratification of the constitution, commercial center of the nation during the 1800s

Erie Canal

Canal which linked to the Hudson river with Lake Erie

Steamboat

Successfully developed by Robert Fulton in 1807; major means of transportation for the cotton Rich lands of the south, and the communities along the Ohio river

Clipper ships

Narrow, hulled vessels that were most grateful selling crafts ever built that drastically cut travel time. America’s greatest contribution to the history of sailing vessels.

Steam locomotive

Most significant development of the transportation revolution

Pony express

Reliable male service lasting from April 1860 to October 1861 by which mail could be delivered from St. Joseph Missouri to San Francisco California in about 10 days

Electricity

Ability to be able to send electric impulses by wire

Telegraph

Electrical instrument invented by Samuel Morse, by which a combination by dots and dasher, could be transmitted over wire

Morse code

Code of dots and dashes by which accurate messages could be quickly transmitted over long distances by wire

Transatlantic cable

Telegraph wire across the Atlantic Ocean floor, which carried the first telegraph message across the Atlantic in 1858

Entrepreneur

Person who risks personal loss to develop and market new products or ideas

Samuel FB Morse

Inventor of the telegraph

Matthew Maury

US naval officer and pioneer naval oceanography, who is often called the Pathfinder of the keys

Isaac Singer

Businessman, who made further movements on the sewing machine

Elias Howe

Inventor of much improved sewing machine

Eli Whitney

Inventor of cotton gin

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor of the reaping machine

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the first successful steamboat in 1807

Vera CruZ

Mexican, port city that was attacked by General Winfield Scott in the Mexican war; location of the first major amphibious landing of American forces

Independence rock

Dome of granite given its name, because most wagon trains heading west reached it by independence Day

Independence, Missouri

City, where most wagon trains started their journey west

Southpass

Pass through the Rocky Mountains that was first used by Jedediah Smith to enter California in the 1820s that was later used by thousands of Americans moving west

Mexico City

Capital of Mexico that was captured by the Americans in September 1847 during the Mexican war

John Deere

Inventor of the first steel plow

California

31st state admitted to the union

Black Hills

Region of South Dakota, named, after its thick growth of dark cedar trees; location of a reservation for the Sioux in South Dakota, and Wyoming that prospectors began to invade after the discovery of gold in that area

Brigham Young

Mormon leader, who established the colony of desert in the Utah territory

Alamo

Loosely fortified mission in the town of San Antonio, where the most iconic battle of the conflict between Texas and Mexico occurred

Sutters Mill

Location of gold discovery in California Sacramento Valley in 1848

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist communal society, because of financial problems and strife among its members

Mexican cession

500,000,000 mi.² granted my Mexico and the US and the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican war

New Harmony

Failed utopian community founded by Robert Owen

Seneca Falls

Location of the first woman’s rights convention in 1848

Cane Ridge, Kentucky

Location of the most notable camp meeting of the second great awakening

Samuel Clemens

Steamboat pilot, who became an author under the name of Mark Twain

William McGuffy

Presbyterian preacher, schoolteacher, and college professor, who wrote and published the eclectric readers

Sojourner truth

Isabella Baumfree; former slave from New York, who lectured against slavery

Susan B Anthony

Social reformer, who joined the women’s rights movement in 1851 and lectured in many northern states; especially concerned with women’s suffrage

Elizabeth Caddy Stanton

Lucretia Mott

Social reformer, who campaign for social political and economic equality for women and helped Lucretia Mott organize the first women rights convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls; especially concerned with women’s suffrage

Dorothea Dix

Advocate, who worked to improve the treatment of people with mental illness

Joseph Smith

Religious leader, who claimed to have angelic visions, which she, then translated into the book of Mormon; organize the church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints

Robert Owen

Leader who founded the failed utopian community of new Harmony