M7 BIOENERGETICS: First part (Concepts & Definition)

is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism

Metabolism

is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

Catabolism

energy is generally __________ during catabolism

released

is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

Anabolism

energy is generally __________ during anabolism

absorbed

a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product

Metabolic pathways

2 classifications of Metabolic pathways

Linear & Cyclic

is the series of reactions that generates a final product different from any of the reactants

Linear pathway

is the series of reactions that regenerates the first reaction

Cyclic pathway

Energy production occurs in the

Mitochondria

Step 3 of Metabolism

Citric Acid Cycle / TCA Cycle / Kreb’s Cycle

Step 1 of Metabolism

Digestion

Step 4 of Metabolism

Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation

Step 2 of Metabolism

Formation of Acetyl CoA

The catabolism of food begins with __________, which is catalyzed by enzymes in the saliva, stomach, and small intestines

digestion

are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides beginning with amylase enzymes in saliva and continuing in the small intestine

Carbohydrates

digestion begins when stomach acid denatures the protein and pepsin begins to cleave the large protein backbone into smaller peptides. Then, in the small intestines, trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave the peptides into amino acids

Protein

are emulsified by bile secreted by the liver, then hydrolyzed by lipase into 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

Lipids

Monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are degraded into acetyl groups, which are bonded to coenzymes A

Formation of acetyl coA

is based in the mitochondria, where the acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2

The cycle also produces energy stored as a nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes

Citric acid cycle

Part in the mitochondria where Citric acid cycle happens

Matrix

is the primary energy-carrying molecule in the body

ATP

Within the mitochondria, this processes produce ATP

Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation

-Hydrolysis of ATP cleaves 1 phosphate group

-This forms ADP and hydrogen phosphate

(HPO42-) releasing ___________ of energy

7.3 kcal / mol

is the reverse reaction, where a phosphate group is added to ADP

Phosphorylation

ATP Hydrolysis

releases 7.3 kcal / mol

ATP Phosphorylation

requires 7.3 kcal / mol

Any process (walking, running, breathing) is fueled by the _______ of energy when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP

release

are pairs of reactions that occur together

Coupled reactions

The hydrolysis of ATP _____________________ for the phosphorylation of glucose

provides the energy

Reduced form of NAD+

NADH

Reduce form of FAD

FADH2

is neither an oxidizing nor a reducing agent

Coenzyme A

When an acetyl group reacts with the sulfhydryl end of coenzyme A

the thioester acetyl CoA is formed

When the thioester bond is broken

7.5 kcal/mol of energy is released