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is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Metabolism
is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
Catabolism
energy is generally __________ during catabolism
released
is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
Anabolism
energy is generally __________ during anabolism
absorbed
a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product
Metabolic pathways
2 classifications of Metabolic pathways
Linear & Cyclic
is the series of reactions that generates a final product different from any of the reactants
Linear pathway
is the series of reactions that regenerates the first reaction
Cyclic pathway
Energy production occurs in the
Mitochondria
Step 3 of Metabolism
Citric Acid Cycle / TCA Cycle / Krebās Cycle
Step 1 of Metabolism
Digestion
Step 4 of Metabolism
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation
Step 2 of Metabolism
Formation of Acetyl CoA
The catabolism of food begins with __________, which is catalyzed by enzymes in the saliva, stomach, and small intestines
digestion
are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides beginning with amylase enzymes in saliva and continuing in the small intestine
Carbohydrates
digestion begins when stomach acid denatures the protein and pepsin begins to cleave the large protein backbone into smaller peptides. Then, in the small intestines, trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave the peptides into amino acids
Protein
are emulsified by bile secreted by the liver, then hydrolyzed by lipase into 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone
Lipids
Monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are degraded into acetyl groups, which are bonded to coenzymes A
Formation of acetyl coA
is based in the mitochondria, where the acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
The cycle also produces energy stored as a nucleoside triphosphate and the reduced coenzymes
Citric acid cycle
Part in the mitochondria where Citric acid cycle happens
Matrix
is the primary energy-carrying molecule in the body
ATP
Within the mitochondria, this processes produce ATP
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation
-Hydrolysis of ATP cleaves 1 phosphate group
-This forms ADP and hydrogen phosphate
(HPO42-) releasing ___________ of energy
7.3 kcal / mol
is the reverse reaction, where a phosphate group is added to ADP
Phosphorylation
ATP Hydrolysis
releases 7.3 kcal / mol
ATP Phosphorylation
requires 7.3 kcal / mol
Any process (walking, running, breathing) is fueled by the _______ of energy when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP
release
are pairs of reactions that occur together
Coupled reactions
The hydrolysis of ATP _____________________ for the phosphorylation of glucose
provides the energy
Reduced form of NAD+
NADH
Reduce form of FAD
FADH2
is neither an oxidizing nor a reducing agent
Coenzyme A
When an acetyl group reacts with the sulfhydryl end of coenzyme A
the thioester acetyl CoA is formed
When the thioester bond is broken
7.5 kcal/mol of energy is released