Science : Physics - Second Grading

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Physics

72 Terms

1

Momentum

  • A measure in one’s motion

  • p = mv : kg•m/s

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2

Impulse

  • Changes in momentum

  • I = Ft : Ns || I = ▲p : kg•m/s || F = mvf-mvi / t

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3

Impulse - Momentum Theorem

  • States that impulse is equal to the change in momentum

  • I = Ft : N•s || I = ▲p : kg•m/s || F = mvf-mvi / t

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4

Conservation of Momentum

  • States that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

  • pf = m1v1 + m2v2

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5

Work

  • Where Force and Displacement are parallel to each other.

  • Expressed in Joules

  • W = Fd

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6

Power

  • The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.

  • Expressed in Watts

  • P = Work / Time

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7

Energy

  • The ability to do work

  • Expressed as Joules

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8

Elastic Collision

  • A type of Collision wherein the colliding bodies DO NOT STICK TOGETHER.

  • m1v1 (I) + m2v2 (I) = m1v1 (F) +m2v2 (F)

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9

Inelastic Collision

  • A type of Collision where in the colliding bodies DO STICK TOGETHER.

  • m1v1 + m2v2 = mv(F)

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10

Potential Energy

  • A type of energy that is present in an object at rest

  • The potential of an object at work.

  • Gravitational Potential Energy = m•g•h

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11

Kinetic Energy

  • The energy that an object possesses due to its motion.

  • Kinetic Energy = ½mv²

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12

Fossil Fuels

  • A source of energy that is formed through ancient plants & animals

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13

Wind Energy

  • A source of energy that uses the wind around us through wind turbines and more.

  • Converted into Kinetic Energy.

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14

Solar Energy / Radiant

  • A source of energy that captures the sun’s energy and converts it to electricity.

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15

Hydropower

  • A source of energy using the flow of water through machines called turbines, turning it into electricity.

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16

Geothermal Energy

  • A source of energy using the heat from deep inside the earth.

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17

Nuclear Energy

  • A source of energy created when tiny particles inside an atom are split apart in a process called nuclear fission

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18

Biomass

  • A source of energy made from organic materials like wood, plants or waste.

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19

Mechanical Energy

  • A combination of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

  • Mechanical Energy = (PE + KE)

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20

Waves

  • A series of vibrations/oscillations traveling from one point to another.

  • Carries energy without transferring matter.

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21

Crest

  • Highest point / peak of a wave

<ul><li><p>Highest point / peak of a wave</p></li></ul>
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22

Trough

  • Lowest point / valley of the wave

<ul><li><p>Lowest point / valley of the wave</p></li></ul>
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23

Amplitude

  • Height of the Wave

<ul><li><p>Height of the Wave</p></li></ul>
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24

Wavelength

  • Distance between 2 successive points in a wave that are in phase

<ul><li><p>Distance between 2 successive points in a wave that are in phase</p></li></ul>
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25

Origin

  • The beginning of the wave

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26

Type of Wave : Nature

  • Mechanical and Electromagnetic

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27

Type of Wave : Direction of Particle’s Vibration

  • Transverse & Longitude

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28

Transverse

  • Vibrations of Particles are perpendicular

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29

Mechanical

  • Requires medium to propagate

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30

Electromagnetic

  • Travels in a vacuum

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31

Longitudinal

  • Vibrations of particles are parallel

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32

Characteristics of Waves : Frequency (f)

  • Number of waves it produces per second.

  • Unit : Hertz (Hz)

  • 1Hz = 1 wave

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33

Characteristics of Waves : Period (T)

  • Time it takes for a particle in a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle.

  • T = 1 / f

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34

Characteristics of Waves : Wave Speed (v)

  • Distance traveled by wave per unit time.

  • V = λ / Period

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35

Characteristics of Waves : Wavelength

  • Distance between 2 successive points in a wave that are in phase

  • λ = VT (Wave Speed x Period)

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36

Compressions

  • Where vibrating particles are closed together.

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37

Rarefractions

  • The area of a wave (or Slinky) that is spread out.

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38

Soundwaves

  • Mechanical by Nature

  • A longitudinal wave

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39

Type of Medium

  • Factor Affecting the Speed of Sound

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40

Temperature

  • Factor Affecting the Speed of Sound

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41

Optics

  • Study of Light

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42

Ray

  • An electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye

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43

Natural

  • Comes from sources that are naturally occurring such as the light from the sun, moon, and stars.

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44

Artificial

  • Emitted by man-made devices that would not occur naturally in nature such as light bulbs, televisions or phone screens.

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45

Luminous

  • Source of the Light

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46

Non-Luminous

  • Reflection / Reflects the Light

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47

Opaque

  • Lets no light pass through

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48

Transparent

  • Allows most Light to pass through

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49

Translucent

  • Lets some light pass through

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50

Reflection

  • The turning back of light into the same medium after striking the sun.

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51

Incident Ray

  • The ray that strikes the surface

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52

Reflected Ray

  • The ray that rebounds from the surface

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53

Normal Line

  • The perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

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54

Law of Reflection

  • States that the angle of incidence is equal to to the angle of reflection

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55

Law of Reflection

  • Smooth shiny surfaces have regular reflections while Rough, Dull surfaces diffuse reflection.

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56

Mirror

  • Object smooth enough to produce a reflection of light incident upon it.

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57

Image

  • A copy of an object formed by light.

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58

Type of Mirror : Plane

  • A mirror with a flat surface.

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59

Type of Mirror : Spherical

  • Mirror w/ reflecting surface is taken from the surface of a sphere.

  • Has two types : Concave and Convex.

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60

Electromagnetic Waves

  • Electromagnetic radiation that travel as waves

  • Transfers energy from one place to another.

  • At this speed, they can go around the world 8 times in one second.

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61

Spectrum of Radiation : Radio

  • Have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are used for various forms of communication, including radio and television broadcasting.

  • James Clerk Maxwell

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62

Spectrum of Radiation : Microwave

  • Commonly used in technologies such as microwave ovens and certain communication devices.

  • Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose

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63

Spectrum of Radiation : Infrared

  • Associated with heat and is used in applications such as thermal imaging.

  • William Herschel

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64

Spectrum of Radiation : Visible Light

  • The range of electromagnetic waves that can be detected by the human eye, comprises different colors.

  • Isaac Newton

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65

Spectrum of Radiation : UV

  • Beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum and is invisible to the human eye. It has applications in sterilization and is also a component of sunlight.

  • Johann Wilhelm Ritter

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66

Spectrum of Radiation : X - Rays

  • Have high energy and short wavelengths, making them suitable for medical imaging and other applications.

  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

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67

Spectrum of Radiation : Gamma Rays

  • They have the shortest wavelengths and the highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are associated with certain nuclear processes.

  • Paul Villard

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68

Non - Ionizing

Not mostly harmful

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69

Ionizing

Technically Very Harmful

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70

Concave Mirror

  1. Shape: Curved inward, like the inside of a sphere.

  2. Focal Point and Focal Length:

    • Focal Point: The point where parallel rays of light either converge (if they are incident on the mirror) or appear to diverge from (if they are extended backward through the mirror).

    • Focal Length: The distance from the mirror's center to its focal point.

  3. Image Formation:

    • Concave mirrors can form both real and virtual images.

    • Real images are formed when the object is located beyond the focal point, and the image is formed on the opposite side of the mirror.

    • Virtual images are formed when the object is between the mirror and its focal point, and the image is formed on the same side as the object.

  4. Examples:

    • Makeup mirrors, shaving mirrors, and some types of car rearview mirrors are examples of concave mirrors.

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71

Convex Mirror

  1. Shape: A convex mirror is curved outward, like the outside of a sphere.

  2. Focal Point and Focal Length:

    • Focal Point: The point where parallel rays of light appear to diverge from when extended backward through the mirror.

    • Focal Length: The distance from the mirror's center to its focal point.

  3. Image Formation:

    • Convex mirrors always form virtual images, regardless of the object's position.

    • The image formed is smaller than the actual object and appears upright.

    • Parallel rays of light are diverged by the convex mirror.

  4. Examples:

    • Side mirrors on vehicles and security mirrors in stores or parking lots are examples of convex mirrors.

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72

Speed of Sound Formula

V = 331 m/s + (0.6 m/s °C) T

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