Science : Physics - Second Grading

Momentum

• A measure in one’s motion

• p = mv : kg•m/s

Impulse

• Changes in momentum

• I = Ft : N•s || I = ▲p : kg•m/s || F = mvf-mvi / t

Impulse - Momentum Theorem

• States that impulse is equal to the change in momentum

• I = Ft : N•s || I = ▲p : kg•m/s || F = mvf-mvi / t

Conservation of Momentum

• States that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

• pf = m1v1 + m2v2

Work

• Where Force and Displacement are parallel to each other.

• Expressed in Joules

• W = Fd

Power

• The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.

• Expressed in Watts

• P = Work / Time

Energy

• The ability to do work

• Expressed as Joules

Elastic Collision

• A type of Collision wherein the colliding bodies DO NOT STICK TOGETHER.

• m1v1 (I) + m2v2 (I) = m1v1 (F) +m2v2 (F)

Inelastic Collision

• A type of Collision where in the colliding bodies DO STICK TOGETHER.

• m1v1 + m2v2 = mv(F)

Potential Energy

• A type of energy that is present in an object at rest

• The potential of an object at work.

• Gravitational Potential Energy = m•g•h

Kinetic Energy

• The energy that an object possesses due to its motion.

• Kinetic Energy = ½mv²

Fossil Fuels

• A source of energy that is formed through ancient plants & animals

Wind Energy

• A source of energy that uses the wind around us through wind turbines and more.

• Converted into Kinetic Energy.

Solar Energy / Radiant

• A source of energy that captures the sun’s energy and converts it to electricity.

Hydropower

• A source of energy using the flow of water through machines called turbines, turning it into electricity.

Geothermal Energy

• A source of energy using the heat from deep inside the earth.

Nuclear Energy

• A source of energy created when tiny particles inside an atom are split apart in a process called nuclear fission

Biomass

• A source of energy made from organic materials like wood, plants or waste.

Mechanical Energy

• A combination of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

• Mechanical Energy = (PE + KE)

Waves

• A series of vibrations/oscillations traveling from one point to another.

• Carries energy without transferring matter.

Crest

• Highest point / peak of a wave

Trough

• Lowest point / valley of the wave

Amplitude

• Height of the Wave

Wavelength

• Distance between 2 successive points in a wave that are in phase

Origin

• The beginning of the wave

Type of Wave : Nature

• Mechanical and Electromagnetic

Type of Wave : Direction of Particle’s Vibration

• Transverse & Longitude

Transverse

• Vibrations of Particles are perpendicular

Mechanical

• Requires medium to propagate

Electromagnetic

• Travels in a vacuum

Longitudinal

• Vibrations of particles are parallel

Characteristics of Waves : Frequency (f)

• Number of waves it produces per second.

• Unit : Hertz (Hz)

• 1Hz = 1 wave

Characteristics of Waves : Period (T)

• Time it takes for a particle in a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle.

• T = 1 / f

Characteristics of Waves : Wave Speed (v)

• Distance traveled by wave per unit time.

• V = λ / Period

Characteristics of Waves : Wavelength

• Distance between 2 successive points in a wave that are in phase

• λ = VT (Wave Speed x Period)

Compressions

• Where vibrating particles are closed together.

Rarefractions

• The area of a wave (or Slinky) that is spread out.

Soundwaves

• Mechanical by Nature

• A longitudinal wave

Type of Medium

• Factor Affecting the Speed of Sound

Temperature

• Factor Affecting the Speed of Sound

Optics

• Study of Light

Ray

• An electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye

Natural

• Comes from sources that are naturally occurring such as the light from the sun, moon, and stars.

Artificial

• Emitted by man-made devices that would not occur naturally in nature such as light bulbs, televisions or phone screens.

Luminous

• Source of the Light

Non-Luminous

• Reflection / Reflects the Light

Opaque

• Lets no light pass through

Transparent

• Allows most Light to pass through

Translucent

• Lets some light pass through

Reflection

• The turning back of light into the same medium after striking the sun.

Incident Ray

• The ray that strikes the surface

Reflected Ray

• The ray that rebounds from the surface

Normal Line

• The perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

Law of Reflection

• States that the angle of incidence is equal to to the angle of reflection

Law of Reflection

• Smooth shiny surfaces have regular reflections while Rough, Dull surfaces diffuse reflection.

Mirror

• Object smooth enough to produce a reflection of light incident upon it.

Image

• A copy of an object formed by light.

Type of Mirror : Plane

• A mirror with a flat surface.

Type of Mirror : Spherical

• Mirror w/ reflecting surface is taken from the surface of a sphere.

• Has two types : Concave and Convex.

Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic radiation that travel as waves

• Transfers energy from one place to another.

• At this speed, they can go around the world 8 times in one second.

Spectrum of Radiation : Radio

• Have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are used for various forms of communication, including radio and television broadcasting.

• James Clerk Maxwell

Spectrum of Radiation : Microwave

• Commonly used in technologies such as microwave ovens and certain communication devices.

• Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose

Spectrum of Radiation : Infrared

• Associated with heat and is used in applications such as thermal imaging.

• William Herschel

Spectrum of Radiation : Visible Light

• The range of electromagnetic waves that can be detected by the human eye, comprises different colors.

• Isaac Newton

Spectrum of Radiation : UV

• Beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum and is invisible to the human eye. It has applications in sterilization and is also a component of sunlight.

• Johann Wilhelm Ritter

Spectrum of Radiation : X - Rays

• Have high energy and short wavelengths, making them suitable for medical imaging and other applications.

• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

Spectrum of Radiation : Gamma Rays

• They have the shortest wavelengths and the highest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are associated with certain nuclear processes.

• Paul Villard

Non - Ionizing

Not mostly harmful

Ionizing

Technically Very Harmful

Concave Mirror

1. Shape: Curved inward, like the inside of a sphere.

2. Focal Point and Focal Length:

   • Focal Point: The point where parallel rays of light either converge (if they are incident on the mirror) or appear to diverge from (if they are extended backward through the mirror).

   • Focal Length: The distance from the mirror's center to its focal point.

3. Image Formation:

   • Concave mirrors can form both real and virtual images.

   • Real images are formed when the object is located beyond the focal point, and the image is formed on the opposite side of the mirror.

   • Virtual images are formed when the object is between the mirror and its focal point, and the image is formed on the same side as the object.

4. Examples:

   • Makeup mirrors, shaving mirrors, and some types of car rearview mirrors are examples of concave mirrors.

Convex Mirror

1. Shape: A convex mirror is curved outward, like the outside of a sphere.

2. Focal Point and Focal Length:

   • Focal Point: The point where parallel rays of light appear to diverge from when extended backward through the mirror.

   • Focal Length: The distance from the mirror's center to its focal point.

3. Image Formation:

   • Convex mirrors always form virtual images, regardless of the object's position.

   • The image formed is smaller than the actual object and appears upright.

   • Parallel rays of light are diverged by the convex mirror.

4. Examples:

   • Side mirrors on vehicles and security mirrors in stores or parking lots are examples of convex mirrors.

Speed of Sound Formula

V = 331 m/s + (0.6 m/s °C) T