Integumentary System

Breast tumors or masses

Breast tumors or masses

can be precancerous or cancerous

Fibrocystic breast disease

This is not actually a disease. It is a very common condition associated with changes in the breast which give it a lumpy, irregular texture

breast abscess

is caused by an infection creating a collection of pus. The patient will usually present with pain and tenderness

cyst

is a fluid-filled sac

fibroadenoma

is a fibrous, benign (noncancerous) growth found in breast tissue. These growths are usually painless, solid lumps that are not attached to any other structure in the breast.

secondary skin lesion

is the progression of a primary skin lesion caused by irritation or manipulation

primary skin lesion

is an abnormal skin disorder, which may be present at birth or it may develop over a person’s lifetime.

Neuropathic skin ulcers

are a common complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Elevated blood glucose (sugar) levels can cause nerve damage in the periphery if left untreated over an extended period of time

Venous stasis ulcers

develop in the skin of the lower leg (especially the ankle) as a result of poor venous circulation

Stage 4 ulcers

are deep wounds that may include muscle, tendons, ligaments, and bone.

Stage 3 ulcers

are open down through the epidermis, dermis, and enter into the fatty tissue.

Stage 2 ulcers

have an opening in the top two layers of skin.

Stage 1 ulcers

have not broken through the skin; they appear as reddened areas.

Decubitus ulcers

are also referred to as bedsores or pressure ulcers.

Skin Ulcer

an open wound or sore that is usually caused by poor circulation or injury

“rule of nines”

one of the most used tools for establishing the dimensions of a burn injury in adults and children

Third-degree burns

affect all three skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and fat. The burn also destroys hair follicles and sweat glands. Because third-degree burns damage nerve endings, pain is minimal. Burned skin may appear white, red, or black, and leathery.

Second-degree burns

affect skin’s top and lower layers (dermis). You may experience pain, redness, swelling, and blistering

First-degree burns

are mild (like most sunburns). The epidermis may be red and painful but usually no blisters formed

classification of burns

1.Total body surface area affected

2.Depth of burn and number of tissue layers involved

Bacterial infections

occur when bacteria enter the body, increase in number, and stimulate an immune response. Germs enter the body through an opening in the skin

Infections of the skin

are known as cutaneous infections and appear to be localized. The types of infection include bacterial, viral, and fungal

Acne rosacea

is a chronic inflammation of the skin that appears in middle-aged adults, but very common in women. This generally appears on forehead, nose, cheeks, and chin. Red and itchy pustules occur.

Acne vulgaris

is a skin condition that develops on the face and upper trunk of adolescents. This is caused by hair follicles and oil glands that become clogged with dirt and oil.

Lichen planus

affects the skin and mucous membranes as a benign disabling inflammatory disorder. This disorder occurs in adults between the ages of 30 and 70. Lichen planus is associated with swelling, hyperpigmentation, and pruritus. The lesions tend to last months and possibly years.

Pityriasis rosea

often appears in young adults, and starts as a circular patch on the skin. The lesion is a small but itchy rash that is red in color. Headache, sore throat, and even fatigue are symptoms that occur prior to the lesion breakout

Erythema

on the skin is caused by congestion in the small capillaries of the skin and shows up as a redness of the affected area

Scales

are thin pieces of the outermost layer of skin resembling fish scales. They represent an accumulation of the outermost layer of the skin (the stratum corneum). Scale can be a symptom of other illnesses or can be due to a variety of skin conditions, most frequently excessive dryness

Papulosquamous disorders

are skin lesions consisting of red or purple papules or plaques with scale

Seborrheic dermatitis

is scaly patches that commonly affect the scalp. This causes red skin and stubborn dandruff

Stasis dermatitis

is thickened, discolored skin with inflammation. Stasis dermatitis typically appears on the skin of lower legs with swelling. It is related to poor circulation and is often referred to as a venous statis rash

Atopic dermatitis

causes red and itchy skin. Though common in children, it may occur in all ages. This dermatitis tends to flare occasionally but is long lasting and chronic. It tends to be associated with asthma and hay fever.

Wheal

—Smooth, rounded, slightly raised area often associated with itching; seen in urticaria (hives), such as that resulting from allergy.

Vesicle

—Fluid-filled, raised lesion less than 5 mm in size; a blister or bleb.

Urticaria

—Raised wheals, or hives, on the skin with itching.

Ulcer

—Lesion resulting from destruction of the skin and perhaps subcutaneous tissue.

Trichomycosis

—Fungal infection of the hair.

Tinea

—Ringworm (a fungal infection of the skin).

Scleroderma

—Thickening and tightening of the skin.

Scabies

—Contagious skin infection caused by an itch mite

Psoriasis

—Chronic skin disorder characterized by the presence of red, scaly plaques.

Pruritus

—Severe itching

Pediculosis

—Infestation with lice.

Non-granulating

—Absence of granulation tissue; wound surface appears smooth and red as opposed to granular and berry-like.

Melanoma

—Pigmented malignant tumor of the skin; the most dangerous form of skin cancer.

Lupus erythematosus (SLE)

—Chronic, progressive disease affecting connective tissues. It may also affect other organs in the body such as the lung, kidney, and heart.

Keloid scar

(hyperthrophic scar tissue) is excess growth of connective tissue that forms over the injured skin for protection

Jaundice

Yellowness of skin. This is a symptom of liver disease and not a skin disorder per se.

Impetigo

Bacterial infection which causes eruption of yellow or red weeping or crusting pustular lesions.

Granulation tissue

In the process of healing, the open wound begins to have a pink/red, moist appearance as this tissue consists of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, new blood vessels, and connective tissue; it usually appears as a berry-like irregular surface.

Eschar

After a burn, the damaged skin or tissue may turn black or brown and become necrotic (dead); it may be loose or firmly adhered to the underlying tissue; may be hard, soft, or soggy.

Ecchymosis

Condition in which there is bleeding beneath the skin, causing discoloration.

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin

Cutaneous

Pertaining to the skin.

Bulla

Raised, fluid-filled lesion larger than a vesicle.

Alopecia

Loss of hair.

Actinic keratosis

Precancerous condition caused by sun exposure.

Acne

A common skin disorder of adolescence, due to rapid growth of sebaceous cells. It causes pimples, whiteheads, and blackheads when the hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

Undermining

An area of tissue destruction that extends beneath the undamaged skin along the periphery of a wound; usually seen in shear injuries.

Transcutaneous

Penetrating, entering, or passing through the skin

Sweat gland

A gland that releases a watery fluid (perspiration) to the skin surface to cool the body. Certain sweat glands, such as those in the armpits and groin area, may release secretions with cellular components in response to stress. A sudoriferous gland.

Subcutaneous

Pertaining to below the skin.

Slough

Soft, moist avascular (nonviable) tissue; it may be white, yellow, tan, or green in color; may be loose or firmly adherent to the tissue underneath.

Sebum

An oily secretion of the sebaceous glands that lubricates the skin and hair.

Sebaceous gland

A skin gland that produces sebum; usually associated with a hair follicle

Percutaneous

A procedure performed through the skin, such as absorption or needle puncture.

Plaque

Superficial, flat, or slightly raised differentiated patch more than 1 cm in diameter.

Papule

Firm, circular, raised surface lesion less than 1 cm in size, such as a pimple.

Nodule

Solid, raised lesion larger than a papule; this is often indicative of systemic disease

Nail

A keratinized plate-like structure that covers the upper part of fingertips and protects them

Melanin

Pigment giving color to the skin

Macule

A colored, flat spot less than 1 cm in diameter. A larger spot is called a patch.

Keratin

A protein that is found in hair and nails; it also thickens and toughens the skin

Integumentary system

The skin and its associated glands, hair, and nails.

Intradermal

Pertaining to within the skin.

Hypodermic

Pertaining to under the skin.

Hair follicle

The membrane in which a hair develops and its root is encapsulated

Hair

A thread-like keratinized outgrowth from the skin.

Fissure

Crack or break in the skin.

Epithelization

Regeneration of epidermis across a wound surface

Dermatologist

Physician who treats skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases

Dermatology

The study of skin

Dehisced/dehiscence

To separate or fall apart from the main structure along natural or sutured lines.

Avascular

Not having blood supply, nonviable, devitalized, necrotic. For example, slough and eschar.

Autologous

Obtained from the patient as both the donor and recipient.

Alopecia

Loss of hair.

Allograft

A graft transplanted from one person to another (same species) who are not genetically identical; also called an allogeneic skin graft

Eczema

makes your skin red and inflamed. It may be scaly, oozing, or crusty. Also, there may be dark, rough, leathery patches. It can also cause swelling

Axillary tail

Breast Region – smaller part, runs along the inferior lateral edge of the pectoralis major towards the axillary fossa

Circular body

Breast region - – largest and most prominent part of the breast

Sebaceous glands

secrete a lipid-rich sebum which lubricates both the hair and skin and is found in the ducts of the hair follicles

Apoeccrine Gland

develops during puberty and secretes water fluids

- Larger than the eccrine gland, smaller than the apocrine gland

- Found in armpits and perianal region

Ducts open onto the skin

Apocrine Glands

produce oily substances including steroids, proteins, and lipids through hair canals

- Located specifically where there is hairy skin - armpits, genital, anal, and breast areas

Respond to emotional stimulus instead of temperature (anxiety or fear)

eccrine sweat glands

primarily secrete water and electrolytes

- 10x's smaller than apocrine glands

- Not as deep in the dermis

- Secrete directly onto the surface of the skin

- Not present in the lips, ear canals, labia minor, clitoris, prepuce, or glands penis

three types of sweat glands

eccrine

apocrine

apoeccrine

Superficial tactile corpuscle

This receptor detects light touch

lamellar corpuscle

which detects pressure deep in the dermis

Cyanosis refers to the

A bluish hue of the skin due to insufficient oxygen in the blood, or improper ciruclation

Folliculitis

an infection of the hair follicle

Skin tags

acrochordons