MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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218 Terms

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Contractility
Unique function of muscle wherein it has the ability to move which is an essential activity of the living human body.
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Responsible for all body movement
Muscles
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Attached to the bones of the skeleton
Skeletal muscles
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__________ is an skeletal muscle because under a microscope they show crossbandings of alternating light and dark bands running perpendicular to the length of the muscle
Striped or striated
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name given to a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds muscles or groups of muscle
Fascia
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A sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue wrapping each muscle. Allows a muscle to contract and move powerfully while maintaining its structural integrity
Epimysium
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A middle layer of connective tissue covering each fascicles (muscle fibers organized into bundles)
Perimysium
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A thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers covering each muscle fiber
Endomysium
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Plays a role in transferring force produced by the muscle fibers to the tendons
Endomysium
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allows for production of the large amounts of proteins and enzymes needed for maintaining its normal function
Multiple nuclei
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specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum stores, releases, and retrieves calcium ions
sarcoplasmic reticulum
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The plasma membrane of muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
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Proteins that run the length of the cell and contain sarcomeres connected in series
Myofibrils
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The smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcomere
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Defined as the region of a myofibril contained between two cytoskeleton structures called
Z-doscs
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Composed of the myosin, which span the center of the sarcomere extending toward the Z-discs
A band
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Where the thick filaments are anchored at the middle of the sarcomere
M-line
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Light region contain thin actin filaments anchored at the Z-discs
I band
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In the middle of the A band is a little lighter, because the thin filaments do not extend into this region.
Hone
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Composed of two filamentous actin chains wherein its associated with the regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin
Thin filaments
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Contains a myosin binding site
Globular actin monomer
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Thick myofilaments
Composed of myosin protein complexes. Its globular head contains an actin-binding site and a binding site for the high energy molecule ATP
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Titin
A large protein anchored at the M-line; helps align the thick filament and adds an elastic element to the sarcomere
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The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled
Insertion
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The end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone
Origin
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The principal muscle involved among a number of muscles involved in an action
Prime mover
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A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover
Antagonist
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helps steady movement or stabilize joint activity; muscle that assists the prime mover
Synergists
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Also called visceral muscle; cells are small and spindle shaped, there is only one nucleus, located at the center of the cell
smooth muscles
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Found only in the heart
Cardiac muscles
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The membranes of adjacent cells are fused at places called
Intercalated discs
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Special circular muscles in the openings between the esophagus and stomach, and the stomach and small intestine
Sphincter muscles or dilator muscles
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Attached to the skeleton and also located in the wall of the pharynx and esophagus
Location of skeletal muscle
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Have long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, and contains alternating light and dark striations. Nuclei located at edge of fiber
Structure of skeletal muscle
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Contractions occur voluntarily and may be rapid and forceful. Contractions stabilize the joints
Function of skeletal muscle
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Located in the walls of tubular structures and hollow organs such as in the digestive tract, urinary bladder, and blood vessels
Location of Smooth muscle
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Long and spindle shaped, with no striations
Structure of Smooth muscle
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Contractions occur involuntarily and are rhythmic and slow
Function of smooth muscle
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Located in the heart
Location of cardiac muscle
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Short, branching fibers with a centrally located nucleus; striations not distinct
Structure of cardiac muscle
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Contractions occur involuntarily and are rhythmic and automatic
Function of cardiac muscle
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Which is the ability of the cells to shorten and generate force
Contractility
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Can change their electrical states and send an action potential along the entire length of the plasma membrane
Excitability or irritability
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Ability to stretch and extend beyond the resting length of the cells
Extensibility
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Allows muscle to recoil back to its original length
Elasticity
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Name basis of Frontalis
Location (forehead)
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Name basis of gluteus maximus
Size (largest muscle in buttock)
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Name basis of External abdominal oblique
Direction of fibers (edge of the lower rib cage)
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Name basis of Biceps
Number of origins (two-headed muscles in humerus)
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Name basis of Sternocleidomastoid
Location of origin and insertion (origin in sternum and clavicle; insertion is the mastoid process of the temporal bone)
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Name basis of Flexor carpi ulnaris
Action flexor (flexes the wrist)
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Name basis of Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor (extends the wrist)
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Name basis of Depressor anguli oris
Depressor
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To; toward
Ad
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Away from
Ab
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Under
Sub
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Something that moves
Ductor
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Against
Anti
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On top of
Epi
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To the side of
Apo
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Longest
Longissimus
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Long
Longus
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Short
Brevis
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Large
Maximus
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Medium
Medius
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Tiny, little
Minimus
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Straight
Rectus
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One
Uni
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Two
Bi/di
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Three
Tri
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Four
Quad
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Outside
Externus
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Inside
Internus
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largest
Maximus/magnus
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Smallest
Minimus
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Intermediate in size
Medius
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Larger
Major
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Smaller
Minor
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Shortest
Brevis
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Longest
Longus
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Great or huge
Vastus
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Shaped like a deltoid
Trapezius
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Refers to triangular shaped muscle that sits on top of the shoulder
Deltoid
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root word is “serrare,” which means saw
Serratus
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French word for flat
Platysma
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Diamond shaped
Rhomboid
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Square or four sided
Quadratus
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Round or cylindrical shaped
Teres
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Straight or erect, parallel to the midline
Rectus
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Transverse or perpendicular to the midline
Transversus
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Slanted or diagonal to the midline
Oblique
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A name given to ringlike muscles that encircle and orifice and that may form a constricting passage
Orbicularis, sphincter
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Decrease the angle at a joint
Flexor
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Muscles that counter flexors and increase the angle at a joint
Extensors
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Turn limbs so that they face downwards or backward
Pronator
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Counters pronators turns limbs so they face upwards or forward
Supinator
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Muscles that lift things up
Levators
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Depresses a structure or part
Depressor
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Adducts or moves a part toward the midline
Adductor
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Abducts or moves a part away from the midline
Abductor