Stage 1 - Cell System

SACE - Stage 1 Biology

Cell

The smallest unit of life.

Unicellular Organism

An organism that consists of a single cell.

Multicellular Organism

An organism that consists of more than one cell.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material which informs instructions for cells.

Cell Membrane

Barrier for managing movement in and out of cells.

Ribosomes

Produce protein from nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membrane layer that produces and process protein and lipids/fat.

What does the Smooth ER and Rough ER do?

Smooth ER produces lipids/fats while Rough ER produces protein.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell that’s in-charge of cellular respiration.

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and moves materials made in ER out of the cell.

Lysosome

Found in animals’ cells that carries Lysozyme found in white blood cells to kill bacteria and remove unnecessary cells.

Vacuoles

Storage for various materials.

Chloroplast

Found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll that gathers sunlight for photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

Found in plant cells that protects the cell against hydrostatic/osmotic pressure changes to hold cell’s shape.

Cytoplasm

A thick solution that fills each cell.

What is the membrane made of?

Phospholipid (Fat)

Carbohydrates

Short sugar chain pointing out of the cell that acts a recognition site for specific chemicals or antibodies.

Cholesterol

Lipid of membrane that protects from temperature changes and keep phospholipids from becoming too fluid.

Prokaryotes

Unicellular organism without nucleus but has cell membrane.

Eukaryotes

Multicellular organism with nucleus.

What organisms have Eukaryotic Cells?

Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protista.

What organisms have Prokaryotic Cells?

Bacterium and Archaea.

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria that perform photosynthesis.

Cell Differation

The process of immature cells to mature specialized cells.

Specialisation

Cells acquire special function.

Endosymbiosis

The theory of evolution of the prokaryote to eukaryote.

Simple Diffusion

Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration through Bilayer.

Exocytosis

Particles removed from cell.

Endocytosis

Particles taken into cell.

Osmosis

Water transport of molecules from high concentration to low concentration (passive).

Active Transport

Moves substance from low concentration to high concentration.

Passive Transport

Moves substance from high concentration to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

The passive transport of the movement of molecules via an integral protein.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Main structure of the membrane with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

What does the Peripheral Protein do?

Speed up the chemical reaction and attached to the cytoskeleton to maintain cell’s shape.

What does the Integral Protein do?

Acts as a channel to transport materials.

Isotonic

Same concentration of solute and water, in and out of cell.

Hypertonic

Inside of cells is more concentrated with solute.

Hypotonic

Inside of cell is more diluted with water.

What is the difference between Chemoautotroph and Photoautotroph?

Chemoautotroph converts inorganic materials to organic molecules while Photoautotroph convert light for energy.

Heterotroph

Organisms that rely on autotrophs to provide for cells.

Photosynthesis

A process where carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O), covert to glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) using light energy.

Aerobic Respiration

A process that uses the glucose and oxygen to make energy (ATP) for cells where carbon dioxide and water are formed.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that makes acids or alcohol without oxygen to break down glucose.

Excretion

Removal of metabolic waste (toxic by-products).

Why is Chlorophyll essential for Photosynthesis?

It absorbs red and blue light but not green, which is why plants appear green and absorb light energy.

Name two fermentation processes

Alcohol and Lactic Acid fermentation

What substances can pass through the bilayer?

Smaller molecules that are non-polar (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide)

What substances can pass through a channel?

Bigger molecules that are polar (Water)

How does SA: V affect cell transport?

As the cell is growing, the volume increases faster than the surface area and causes slower exchange of resources.

What is the difference between Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis?

Pinocytosis has a membrane indent that drinks nutrients and Phagocytosis engulfs towards the nutrients.

Peroxisome

Vesicle that carries peroxide to kill pathogens and break down nutrients.

Plasmaderma

Openings in cell wall for cell communication and movement of resources.

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share in common?

* Cell membrane
* Nucleic acids
* Protein
* Ribosomes

What does the cell theory state?

* Are the structural and functional units of life.
* Come from pre-existing cells.
* Contain hereditary material.

What does MRS GRENC stand for?

Motion, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition, and Control.