AP Statistics Notes: Unit 3

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22 Terms

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Population

The entire group of individuals or items being studied.

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Sample

A subset of a population used to represent the whole.

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Random Sampling

A sampling method that gives every individual an equal chance of being selected.

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Stratified Sampling

A method where groups are created and then random samples are taken from each group.

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Cluster Sampling

A method that involves dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting entire clusters.

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Bias

A systematic favoring of certain responses over others in sampling.

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Undercoverage

Occurs when some members of the population cannot be chosen in a sample.

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Nonresponse

Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cannot be contacted or refuses to participate.

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Voluntary Response Sample

A sample made up of individuals who choose themselves by responding to a general invitation.

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Convenience Sample

A sample consisting of individuals who are easily reached.

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Experimental Design

A plan for how to conduct an experiment to ensure valid results.

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Replication

Using enough experimental units in each group to distinguish differences from chance.

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Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark.

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Observation Study

A study in which individuals are observed and measurements are taken without treatment.

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Experimental Study

A study where the researcher actively manipulates variables to observe effects.

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Control Group

The main purpose of a control group is to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the other treatments.

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Completely Randomized Design

An experimental design where the experimental units are assigned to treatments completely by chance.

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Double-Blind Experiment

An experimental design where neither the subjects nor those measuring the response variable know which treatment a subject received.

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Single-Blind Experiment

An experimental design where only the researcher knows which treatment the experimental units received.

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Statistically Significant

An observed effect that is so large that it would rarely occur by chance.

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Block

A group of experimental units known to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to treatments.

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Randomized Block Design

An experimental design where random assignment to treatments is carried out separately within each block.