APUSH Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands

Agricultural Technological Exchange

Agricultural Technological Exchange

European colonists took the agricultural goods and practices of the Indians such as corn, tobacco, and planting legumes to revitalize the soil. The natives took from the Europeans their advanced technology and in rare cases the means for producing such technology such as metal tools and firearms.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Barbados Slave Trade

the harsh system of Barbados laws governing African labor officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696. No rights to slaves, masters have complete control. One of the English islands that were key to the sugar trade.

Spanish California

(1542-1821) First colonization by Spain in CA - 1769; first mission established in San Diego in 1769 by Father Junipero Serra - founded first nine; 21 Spanish Catholic Missions established by Franciscans between 1769 and 1823

Chesapeake Region

Virginia (established at Jamestown in 1607) and Maryland (established by the Calverts.)

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

English Caribbean

This area was a popular destination for English immigrants, especially in the early seventeenth century. It included the Caribbean Islands and the northern area of Bermuda. Theses islands influenced colonies on the mainland in many ways. They traded with these colonies, as well as supplied slaves and offered a model for the plantation system. The island's Native population was almost nonexistent, though there was danger from the Spanish, who also claimed the area. The economy of the islands was based on the sugarcane crop, which was mainly farmed by African slaves.

Fundamental Constitution for Carolina

Drawn up by Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke in 1669, it divided the colony into counties and parcels and created a rigidly hierarchical social order. It introduced limited government and the idea of a social contract. It is the most important of any of the early constitutions.

George and Cecilius Calvert

1st lord Baltimore, founder of Maryland Colony for retreat for English Catholics and for Real Estate ; 2nd lord Baltimore, received charter on fathers death including part of Pennsyl., Delawa., Virginia, Maryland, but were to hold as “absolute lords and proprietaries

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Jacob Leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia in 1607

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A group of Puritans merchants who organized an enterprise designed to take advantage of economic opportunities in America. Obtained a land grant in New England which became a haven for Puritans. In 1630, 1,000 Puritans (mostly families) migrated to New England in a move known as the "Great Migration."

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.

Metacomet

1639-1676 Wamponoag sachem known to the English as King Philip. He led one of the last Native Americans battles against the colonist in New England in 1676.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland.

Founding of the Pennsylvania Colony

By William Penn in 1681; a Quaker colony

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's confederacy. The colonists innacurately called all of the Indians powhatans.

Praying Indians

Indians who converted to Christianity and joined Puritan communities

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

sugarcane plantations

African slaves supplied labor for them

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Tobacco in the colonies

Chesapeake region, extending from Delaware south through Maryland and Virginia into the Albemarle Sound region of North Carolina

Toleration Act

1689 law passed by Parliament granting some religious freedoms to dissenting Protestants who had broken away from the Anglican Church. However, this prohibited them from holding public office.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.