your mom

What are the different types of notetaking?

cornell method, outlining, mapping, charting, sentence

What is Popper's idea behind deductive and inductive reasoning?

noticed different methods used by scientists.

• deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions (ex. if you change a dead battery)

• inductive reasoning: draws conclusions through the logical process (ex. sun always rises in the east)

Compare and contrast the practical and theoretic knowledge

• Theoretical: concepts and interrelatedness of facts (explanations).

• practical: action performed to learn how to do something correctly (tasks)

What types of questions can science answer and not answer?

Can: empirical in nature, observable, measured, and tested.

Can't: philosophical, ethical, moral, subjective, religious, and complex.

Know the different types of graphs and be able to choose the appropriate data based on your data set.

tables: categorizing, summarizing, tabulating results

graphs: trends, comparisons.

bar graph - comparing quantities across different categories.

line graph - changes over time.

pie charts - shows relative sizes of parts of a whole

scatter plots - correlation between 2 variables

What is the scientific method?

making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results.

Lab safety

Number to call incase of emergencies: 402-554-2911.

• nothing in mouth

• no applying cosmetics

• try not to wear contact lenses

• use disinfectant when performing lab activities involving preserved materials

• know where to dispose of materials

• know where the fire extinguisher and eye wash station are

What are the two types of scientific data and how do they differ?

Quantitative: data expressed numerical, discrete (countable), continuous (range, functions, decimals)

Qualitative: characteristics.

What are two important qualities of scientific hypothesis?

must be falsifiable and testable.

Compare and contrast the null and alternative hypothesis?

Null: no effect, hypothesis tested was not changed.

Alternative: explanation of relationship tested in the hypothesis.

What are the differences between scientific hypothesis and scientific theory?

Scientific theory is supported by multiple evidence.

Scientific hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon in the natural world

Compare and contrast control group and the experimental group:

Control: is not changed and kept consistent.

Experimental: has a changed variable to be measured or observed.

What role(s) does variable play in designing a scientific experiment?

Can be a factor, trait, or condition that can be changed/tested.

Independent: changed/test - x axis. (I = I am manipulating.)

Dependent: kept the same, not changed/measured - y axis. (d = data collecting)

Why is pattern recognition important in science?

helps organize, predict, and makes i more accessible.

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

correlation does not equal causation.

What are organic molecules?

they contain carbon and nitrogen.

What are functional groups?

an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

What are the different types of scientific literature and what are examples of where you would find each published?

Primary: direct, original, scientific article. a published article on a peer reviewed website.

Secondary: summarize, analyze, summary of primary, references original article

Tertiary: general overview, article for general public. an article in the New York times, discover magazine.

What is the purpose of the different types of headings in a research article (materials and methods, results, discussion, introduction, etc.)?

this organizes different sections in a scientific article so they are easily accessible for the reader.

How do you cite a paper?

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Journal/Magazine/Newspaper Title, vol., no., Day Month Year OR Season, Permalink or shortened URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

scientific units:

international system of units = SI unites

basic units: ex, meter, second, kilogram

derived unit: combination of basic units, ex, volume, concentration.

Concentration

amount/volume, measures the amount of substance in a given volume.

Conversion between units

to go from small to large: multiple

to go from larger to smaller units: divide

Pipets (what are they, what do they measure, how do we use them, etc)

measures volumes of liquids.

(P2, P20, P200, P100)

• don’t use without tip

• don’t pass volume limits

• don’t jam tip into pipette

• don’t push twice when taking up

• don’t let go to take up, release controllably

C1V1 = C2V2

V = volume, C = concentration. Use to find the volumes or concentration of conversion.

Spectrophotometers (what are they, what do they measure, how do we use them, etc)

an analytical instrument used to measure the intensity of light absorbed by a sample at specific wavelengths. To use: calibrate, set baseline, place sample in spectrophotometer, and run it.

• the amount of light absorbed is recorded and compared to known standards to determine the concentration of the substance in the sample.

Importance of blanking

the instrument can be calibrated so the instrument can zero out any background readings, ex: the cuvette, the solute.

Determining the "best" wavelength to view a molecule

when the absorbance value is at the highest, where it peaks.

Standard curve (creating graph by hand and using it to determine unknown concentration)

plot known concentrations with the value it records (absorbance) and be able to verify the concentration by using the slope of the standard curve.

Scale (what is it, what does it measure, how does it work)

a scale measures weight by recording the amount in mass a substance weighs.

Histogram (what does it display, how do you describe the distribution of the data, how do you make one)

a bar graph representation of data that buckets a range of classes into columns along the horizontal x-axis. The vertical y-axis represents the number count or percentage of occurrences in the data for each column.

• obtain a different groups, and obtain the number of subjects in that group.

The solubility of a molecule in water or oil

hydrophobic molecules do not dissolve in water. hydrophilic molecules do not dissolve in oil.

Buffers (what are they, what do they do, what are the limitations)

Buffers resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added. cannot be super acidic or basic.

pH (what is it, pH range, impact on solubility)

measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.

• values range from 0 to 14, lower = acid (concentration of H+ is higher than that of OH-), higher = base (OH- is higher than that of H+ ions.)

• on increasing the pH, the solubility decreases and as we decrease the pH, the solubility increases

Relationship between the occurrence of different kinds of molecules in the same solution (what affect did a saturated solution have on another molecule dissolving)

is a solution is fully saturated it cannot dissolve anymore of a molecule.

MSG (how did it behave throughout the experiment i.e., monoprotic, diprotic, triprotic states)and the model

The difference in solubility of MSG is determined by the glutamate forms, monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic. The role of monoprotic is to take in one H+ in the amino functional group, this makes the structure soluble since the carboxyl groups have the same negative charge. In diprotic structure one of the carboxyl groups absorbed a proton, H+, this changes the charge to that side and creates an insoluble structure. Lastly, the triprotic structure accepts another H+ on the negative charged carboxyl group therefore creating a soluble structure.

Terms (polar/nonpolar, hydrophilic/hydrophobic, charge/no charge)

Polar: sharing unevenly of electrons, creates slight charge.

nonpolar: sharing evenly of electrons.

hydrophilic: affinity of water

hydrophobic: no affinity of water

charge: reacts more with other molecules

no charge: less tendency of reacting with other molecules.

Dilutions

dilution ratio: 1:2 means 1 part protein, two parts other, totaling three parts.

dilution factor: 1:2 means 1 part protein, 1 part other, in a total of two parts, 1/2.

Proteins (structure, function, location)

proteins have different levels of folding, the most has an active site to bind to specific molecules and perform function.

functions: enzymatic, structural, hormonal, defensive, transport, storage, receptor, contractile, and motor.

proteins are everywhere in organisms and cells.

Standard Curve (creating graph and using it to determine unknown concentration)

is a common technique in biology to determine the concentration of an unknown protein sample by comparing it to a series of known standards.

1. prepare protein standards

2. measure absorbance

3. create the standard curve

4. measure the unknown sample

5. calculate protein concentration

6. verify results

Protein assay (how do we do the experiment, what dye did we use and why)

• a dye (Bradford’s reagent) changes when it binds to a protein

• amount of color is measured by a spectrophotometry

• absorbance (A595) is proportional to protein concentrate

• to determine the concentration of protein in out samples, must first make a standard curve

Magnification (how to determine total magnification)

multiply the ocular lens by the objective lens, (ex: 10X x 4X = 40X total magnification)

The different cell types and how to determine them (what are their differences/similarities, including structure and size)

prokaryotic: no nucleus, smaller, no membrane bound

eukaryotic: more complex, membrane bound organelles, nucleus, larger, two types: plant: cell wall, chloroplast, animal: no cell wall, no chloroplasts.

Osmosis/diffusion assay (what did we do, what happened, why)

osmosis is the passive movement of water across membranes. we tested this with potatoes and salt concentrations. Water moves from an area of lower solute (water) and higher solvent concentration to an area of higher solute (water) and lower solvent concentration.

Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic solutions

hypertonic: lower solute concentration inside of cell, shrinks (plasmolyzed) cells (both animal and plant)

isotonic: no net movement of water, equal concentrations (stable in animal, shrink in plant)

hypotonic: higher solute concentration inside the cell, (animal swells, plant is stable)

Solute vs Solvent

Solute : What is dissolved in a solution(salt)

Solvent : What dissolves the solute(water)

OAA - Malate model

OAA + NADH

Oxidation - Reduction

one substance is oxidized, an electron is removed (energy), and the other substance is reduced, gains electron (no energy).

How were we able to "visualize" the model? Or test the model?

We were able to test this model by measuring the absorbance rate of NADH.

What happened when various components were added to the reaction? What do they look like graphically?

• with/without MDH

• with/without OAA

• all reactants

• rate of reaction

1. needs MDH, does not occur without

2. needs OAA, does not occur without

3. all reactants needed to produce products

4. the rate of the reaction occurs best at body temperature, with all reactants, pH of 7, and without the presence of products

What happened when various components were added to the reaction? What do they look like graphically?

• with/without products

• pH change

• high heat (denatured proteins)

• concentration change

5. reaction occurs slower with products present

6. as the pH increases so does the reaction rate

7. applying heat causes proteins to denature, unfold and not function properly

8. and increase in enzyme concentration increases the rate of the reaction (plateaus after a certain amount of enzyme, doesn’t need over supply)