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Pectoralis Major
Origin: Anterior surface of clavicle, anterior surface of sternum, external oblique aponeurosis
Insertion: lateral edge of the intertubercular groove, inferior to the greater tubercle.
Action: Adducts, flexes + medially rotates arm
Innervation: Medial + lateral pectoral nerves
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Ribs 3-5
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Action: Pulls scapula down and anteriorly
Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve
Subclavius
Origin: 1st Rib
Insertion: Inferior surface of clavicle
Action: Pulls down and stabilizes clavicle
Innervation: C5-C6
Serratus Anterior
Origin: Surface of ribs 1-8
Insertion: Medial surface of scapula on the costal surface
Action: Protracts scapula and elevates ribs
Innervation: Long thoracic nerve
Serratus Posterior Superior
Origin: C7-T3 spinous processes
Insertion: Superior borders of ribs 2-4
Action: Elevates upper ribs
Innervation: T1-T4 ventral rami
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Origin: T11-L2 spinous processes
Insertion: Inferior border of ribs 9-12
Action: Depresses lower ribs
Innervation: T9-T12 anterior rami
External Intercostals
Origin: Inferior border of ribs
Insertion: Superior border of rib below
Action: Elevates ribs
Breathing: Inspiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves
Internal Intercostals
Origin: Inferior border of ribs
Insertion: Superior border of rib below
Action: Lowers ribs
Breathing: Expiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves
Innermost Intercostals
Origin: Inferior border of ribs
Insertion: Superior border of rib below
Action: Lowers ribs
Breathing: Expiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves
External - medial + inferior
Internal - medial + superior
hands in pockEt - external
hands in pIts - internal
Which way do the intercostal muscle fibres point?
Transversus Thoracis
Origin: Pleural surface of ribs 2-6 (anteriorly)
Insertion: Posterior surface of sternum, xiphoid process
Action: Lowers ribs
Breathing: Expiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves
Subcostales
Origin: Pleural surface of ribs 2-6 (posteriorly)
Insertion: Superior border of rib below
Action: Lowers ribs
Breathing: Expiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves
Diaphragm
Origin: Xiphoid process of sternum, L1-L4 vertebra, costal arch of ribs 7-12
Insertion: Central tendon of diaphragm
Action & Breathing: Contracts and compresses abdomen (inspiration); relaxes (expiration
Innervation: Phrenic nerve; C3, 4, 5 keeps diaphragm alive
Reference position for anatomical directional terms
Anatomical Position
Anterior/posterior (Front half/Back half)
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Right/left
Sagittal (Mid-Sagittal) Plane
Superior/inferior (Upper half/Lower half)
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
Medial: toward the midline
Lateral: away from midline
Medial & Lateral
Proximal: toward an attached base
Distal: away from an attached base
Proximal & Distal
Posterior: toward the back, behind
Anterior: toward the front, in front of
Posterior & Anterior
Superficial: toward/closer to body surface
Deep: away from body surface/toward interior of body
Superficial & Deep
Superior: higher
Inferior: lower
Superior & Inferior
Axial & Appendicular
The skeleton can be divided into…
Bones of the skull
Accessory bones
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage (ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae)
AXIAL SKELETON
Upper limbs and pectoral girdle
Lower limbs and pelvic girdle
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
26 bones
24 vertebrae (7 Cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar)
Sacrum
Соссух
What makes up the vertebral column?
Column of support
Protection of spinal cord
Passage for nerves
Attachment site for muscles
Functions of the vertebral column
Label
Label + Function
Label
Refers to a joint
Articular
Smooth, flat surface
Facet
Hole
Foramen
Projection
Process
Label + Function
Nucleus pulposus herniates (protrudes) into vertebral canal due to tear or rupture in the annulus fibrosis
How does a Herniated Disc happen?
Label
Size: Small - fine movements
Spinous process: Bifid
Vertebral body: Oval
Other features: Transverse foramen
Cervical Vertebrae
Size: Medium
Spinous process: Downward sloping
Vertebral body: Heart
Other features: Costal facets for ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae
Size: Large - weight bearing
Spinous process: Short, stumpy
Vertebral body: Kidney
Other features: No articular facets for ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae
Label
Encloses and protects viscera of the thoracic cavity
Thoracic skeleton acts an anchor for muscles, including those for respiration
Attachment for muscles that move the upper limb, scapula
Functions of the Thoracic Cage
What makes up the Thoracic Cage?
Label
Label
Most ribs articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
Contributes to the elasticity of the thoracic cage
Label + Function
True ribs 1-7: articulate directly with the sternum via costal cartilage
False ribs 8-10: articulate indirectly via fused costal cartilage
Floating ribs 11 & 12: no anterior articulation. Don't wrap all the way around
Label + Explain
Tubercle: articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
Head: articulates with body of the thoracic vertebrae (via costal facet)
Label
Bumb/Prominence
Tubercle
Relating to ribs
Costal
Primary muscles of inspiration: Diaphragm, External intercostals
Accessory muscles of inspiration: Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles of Inspiration
Primary muscles of expiration: Diaphragm, Internal intercostals Innermost intercostals
Accessory muscles of expiration: Innermost intercostals, Anterior abdominal wall muscles
Muscles of Expiration
Label
Label
Label
Also referred to as an articulation
The site where two (or more) bones connect
Link the skeletal system
Joints facilitate movement of the skeleton
What is a joint and why do we have them?
The more stable a joint, the less mobile & vice versa
Stability vs Mobility - Joints
Classification of joints
Joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous synarthrosis
Created when bones fuse together
The boundaries separating the bones disappear upon fusion
Bony Fusion
Bones joined by a wedge of cartilage (allows for some degree of flexibility)
Cartilaginous amphiarthrosis
Specialized for movement: permit a wider range of motion than other joints
Typically found at the ends of long bones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs
All synovial joints have the same basic components:
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Joint cavity filled synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Accessory structures
Synovial Joints
Surrounds synovial joint, encloses joint cavity
Made of outer dense connective tissue layer & inner synovial membrane
Joint Capsule
Lines inner surfaces of the joint (does not cover the articulating bone surfaces)
Produces synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Fills the joint cavity
Lubricates (reduces friction)
Absorbs shock
Distributes nutrients to cells of the articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Covers surfaces of articulating bones
Smooth surface helps reduce friction during movement
People with arthritis will have wearing away articular cartilage
Articular cartilage
Provide support and additional stability
1. Menisci
2. Ligaments
3. Bursae
4. Fat pads
Accessory Structures of Synovial Joints
Menisci (meniscus)
Fibrocartilage pads between bone
Reduce friction, disperse weight, protect & cushion joint surface
Label + Explain
Ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone
Support and strengthen synovial joints
Label + Explain
Outside (extracapsular)
Inside (intracapsular)
Relative to the joint capsule, can be located…
Bursa (bursae pl.)
Small fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue, occur around tendons and bones
Filled with synovial fluid, lined by a synovial membrane
Reduce friction
Act as shock absorbers
Label + Explain
Fat Pads
Usually found around the periphery of the joint
Protect articular cartilages
Cushion joint as a whole
Label + Explain
Gliding movements
Angular movements
Rotational movements
Special movements
Types of movement at synovial joints
Also referred to as: planar/linear movement
Two opposing (flat) surfaces slide past each other
Gliding movements
Movement that changes the angle between articulating bones
Flexion & Extension
Abduction & Adduction
Circumduction
Angular movements
Flexion: Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Extension: Increase in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion & Extension
Adduction: Movement of a structure toward the midline
Abduction: Movement of a structure away from the midline
*Fingers (and toes) move away from or toward the middle finger (toe) (not the midline of the body)*
Abduction & Adduction
Combination of:
• Extension, Flexion, Adduction, Abduction
Best performed at ball and socket joints, such as hip and shoulder
Can also be performed by other body parts such as: fingers, wrist, and head
Circumduction
Rotations
Supination & Pronation
Rotational movements
Right or left rotation
Medial (internal) rotation
Rotation towards the midline
Lateral (external) rotation
Rotation away from the midline
Rotations
Supination (think holding up soup)
Radius in anatomical position
Rotation of the forearm that makes the palm face anteriorly
Pronation (think pouring soup)
Radius rolls across anterior surface of ulna
Rotation of the forearm that makes the palm face posteriorly
Supination & Pronation
Inversion: Sole of foot twists inward
Eversion: Sole of foot twists outward
Dorsiflexion: Elevate sole of foot (decrease angle between dorsum of foot and anterior surface of leg)
Plantar flexion: Elevate heel of foot (decrease angle between plantar surface of foot and posterior surface of leg)
Special Movements: The Foot
Opposition: Thumb moves across palm to touch the tips of the fingers
Reposition: Thumb and fingers move from opposition back to anatomical position
Special Movements: The Thumb
Protraction: Moving part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal (transverse) plane
Retraction: Part of the body moves posteriorly in the horizontal plane
Ex. pulling back shoulder blades toward spine
Special Movements: Protraction & Retraction
