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What did European mariners launch between 1400 and 1800 C.E?
Launched series of voyages of exploration
- Cause= w/ new political stability & wealth enabled them for exploration (not for explorations sake)
Who financed the explatory voyages of European mariners?
Private investors/wealthy people
Governments
^^^ Cause= profit
What were the 3 motives or causes of European exploration?
3gs= 1. Gold 2. God 3. Glory
Gold= Desire to establish trade routes to Asian Markets (Cause: trade opportunity, profit, eliminate muslim middle men)
God= Expand Roman Catholic Christianity (Cause: grow & compete w/ Islam)
Glory= Search for land & resources (Cause: want glory to cultivate cash crops; cotton, sugarcane, tobacco)
What European Kingdom was most prominent in search of fresh resources to exploir and lands to cultivate?
Western Europe (Iberian Peninsula); Kingdom of Portugal
Vaco De Gama: “Christians & Spices”
What did Portugese mariners begin to do in the 13th century?
Sailed Atlantic Ocean (Purpose= food & new land; grow wheat supplementing Porugal food)
14th; “discovered” Atlantic islands (Azoro & Maderia exploiting fish, whale, seal, etc.)
^^^ Purpose= Meet high demand of sugarcane through plantations)
What did Portugese Mariners and Italian investors do in the 15th Century?
Portugese joined forces w/Italians establishing plantations on Atlantic islands (ex: Cape Verde)
In addition to the allure of exploiting fresh lands & resources, what else served as an important cause of European exploration?
New maritime trade routes → Asian Markets
What goods did Europeans demand from Asian Markets?
Old Goods= Silk, Spice, Poreclain
New Goods= Chinese ginger, Indian Pepper, cloves, nutmeg
^^ Asian Markets dominated by Muslim Mariners & merchants
Effects= Expensive
Cause= Good + Muslim Fee
What goods did Europeans demand from African Markets?
Goods= Gold, Ivory, Slaves
^^ Muslim dominated
Effects: Europeans eliminate muslim merchants
Cause: Get rid of fee & want direct access to African and Asian Markets
Why was gold an especially important European commodity?
European principal form of payment (Asian Markets)
In addition to the allure of fresh lands, resources, and trade routes to the markets of Asia, what was the final cause of European explortations?
Expand Christianity
Why did Europeans want to spread Christianity around the world?
missionary religion (New testament: Must spread faith)
Justification for material motives
Unit 2=
Early Modern Period (1500-1800 C.E)
Unit 1= Postclassical period ← CLOSED
As a result of the links European explorers made between the old world and the new world, what are the 2 types of exchanges that resulted from these links?
Biological Exchange; plants, food crops, disease, animals, humans
Comercial Exchange; manufactured goods
^^ Biological exchange + Comercial exchange= Columbian exchange
What is the Columbian Exchange? What does it remind you of? Why?
What= Global spread of plants, food crops, disease, animals, humans
Where= From Eastern Hemisphere → Western Hemisphere
When= Post Columbus & Other Voyages of “exploration”
Similar to Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Basin Tradenetwork, Trans Saharan Trade Network
How did the biological exchange of infectious & contagious diseases on the Columbian exchange impact the naitive peoples of the Americas and Pacific Islands?
16th; Disease spread (Small Pox, Measles, flu) → Demographic decline (Americas)
Cause: East = immune/able to resist (mostly killed children in this region) West= not immune (had no exposure) EFFECTS
What happened to the Aztec Empire in 1519 C.E?
Small pox epidemic/widespread occurence infectious disease → population decline (-90%: 17→1.3 million) EFFECTS
How many people died from imported diseases to the Americas & Pacific islands through the Columbian Exchange?
1500-1800 C.E= 100 million deaths ← worst demographic decline in history EFFECTS
How did the Columbian Exchange impact the worlds population in the long term?
Demographic increase:
- Cause= Spread new food crops & animal protein → healthier diet EFFECTS
What new food crops traveled from the Old World on the Columbian Exchange?
Wheat, rice, sugar, bananas, cherries, yams, coffee, collard greens EFFECTS
What animals traveled from the Old world on the Columbian Exchange?
Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens EFFECTS
What food crops traveled from the New World to the Old World on the Columbian Exchange?
Maize, potato, beans, tomatoes, papaya, guava, avocado, peppers, peanuts EFFECTS
In addition to the food crops, what other goods traveled from the New World to the Old World?
Medical plants; Quinine → treatment of Malaria EFFECTS
What is a joint-stock company?
Commercial organization; Business established by private merchants funded ship & crew giving them goods to trade
Purpose= profit
Investors rights= buy, sell, build trade posts (How: Build armies to make war in company’s interest)
- England 1600 Created 1st company: East India Company
- Netherlands: 1602 created United East India company AKA Dutch VOC EFFECTS
What is a trading post?
Small settlement; purpose= trade
Portugese Mariners= Earliest trading posts in Africa & India w/ goal of controlling trade routes forcing passing merchant vessels to pay taxes (X conquest) EFFECTS
Effects of “Exploration” 1500-1800=
Columbian Exchange
Joint-stock companies
Trading posts
What European History should you know so far?
Roman Empire
Fall of the Roman Empire (splits)
a) Western Europe → Decentralized Germanic regional states (Carolingian Empire)
b) Centralized Western → Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire falls → Ottoman Empire
Carolingian Empire falls
Regional States of Medieval Europe
a) Western; late 10th century German Princes from Holy Roman Empire (independent monarch), France, England, Italian Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Christian Kingdoms (Portugal & Spain)
Who is Martin Luther and why did he challenge the Roman Catholic Christian Church?
German Roman Catholic Christian Church Monk who lived in the Northern Holy Roman Empire
1519 C.E challenged “The Church” cause= denounced sales of indulgences (pardoned/excused sins and bought admission to heaven)
Why did Martin luther despise church authorities?
Indulgences = corruption
Church authorties couldn’t forgive since and admit into heaven only God (authorities assumed power of God)
What is the Ninety-Five Theses?
Document by Martin Luther 1517- Denounced indulgence sale & church corruption
Effects= copied & spread throughout Europe due to the printing press. Gained support & critics (political & religious authorities)
What happened to Martin Luther in 1520 C.E?
Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (unable to participate in church)
What happened to Martin Luther in 1521 C.E?
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire emperor) demands he recant his views. Luther said no
How did Martin Luther’s actions impact Europe culturally?
1530s development of protestants who were protesters of “The Church”
Protesters= Luther supporters & Christian churches who seperated from Roman Catholic Christian Church
What is the protestant reformation?
When= 1530s
What= Religious reform movement
Who= Martin Luther + protestants
Goal= Reform Western Roman Catholic Christian Church & eliminate corruption
Effects= Divides church; The Church, Protestant churches, alternative churhces
How did Martin Luther’s actions impact Europe politically?
European monarchs took advantage of religious controversies (opportunity to strengthen states & enhance authority)
Effects= Monarchs tighten control & decrease nobles power (increase royal authority and control subjects)
State development → new monarchy
- Absolute Monarchy (unlimited power, control all aspects, divine right of kings)
How did Martin Luther’s actions impact Europe economically?
New system = Capitalism
^^ Good production & services privately owned w/ goal of profit
Despite their differences, what united the peoples of Western Europe?
The Roman Catholic Christian Church/Christianity gave Europeans a common culture & religion
What issues did the Roman Catholic Christian Church face that prompted reformers to challenge it?
Hedonism/ Pursuit of please and Materialism/ obsession w/ material possesions were valued over spiritual values
The church eliminated pre-Christian traditions, agruing that connections w/ god could only be made at church
^^ Effects= People wanted personal connection so 16th-17th century launched revolts, shattering Western Europe's religious unity
What issues did Martin Luther have with the Roman Catholic Christian Church?
Indulgence sale
Monasary Closure
Wanted bible translation
Wanted to end priestly
What did Luther reject?
Church heiarchy authority
Upheld bible as only source of Christian authority
How did Europeans react to Luther’s message?
Supporters: common peoples + government leaders (opportunity to expand power)
Effects: Protest expansion→ Protestanism (develop alt. protestant churches)
EFFECTS
What happened in Geremany by about the mid 16th century?
Half of German population adopted Lutheran Church/christianity
Effects: Altnernate church growth
EFFECTS
Who is Henry VIII and why is he important?
King England 1509-1517; denied divorce from his wife (no male heir) by pope/church
Important: Breaks England relations w/ Roman Catholic Christian Church & establishes his own church (Anglican chruch following protestant doctrine & had king as head)
EFFECTS
Who is John Calvin and why is he important?
French lawyer; 1530 converted to protestant christianity and since French monarchy supressed protestant he moved to the french speaking Geneva (switzerland)
Important: Organizes protestant community and in 1536 publishes “Institute of the Christian Religion” which outlines protestant teachings simply emergence of Calvinist Church
EFFECTS
What 3 Christian communities were established by the late 16th century?
Lutheran Church -Germany (Martin Luther)
Anglican Church- England (Henry VIII)
Calvinist Church- Geneva (John Calvin)
What political effects did the Protestant Reformation have on European society?
European monarchs took advantage of religious controversy (opportunity to strengthen states & authority)
War=
Cause
Conflict
Effects
What political impact did the thirty years’ war have on European society?
Causes= Religious tension; catholic vs. protestant (1618-1648 primarily Germany; North Holy Roman Empire)
Effects=
Peace of Westphalia ← series of treatise between participating countries
Monarchs create stronger diplomatic systems (goal: better manage international relations & maintain order)
Europe phases =
Classical- Roman Empire; A) Germanic peoples invade Roman Empire B) The Roman Empire splits
A) West - Carolingian Empire B) East- Byzantine Empire
Early modern Europe; 1500-1800 A) East= Islam Ottoman Empire B) West= Decentralized Christian regional monarchies
What was Western Europe like after the fall of the Carolingian Empire?
9th falls; Effects= no imperial government ← rise of decentralized regional states by independent monarchs
10th Holy Roman Empire formed by Germanic princes; Goal= Roman Catholic Church revival of Roman Empire
Who is Charles V?
Emperor of Holy Roman Empire 1519-1556 (extends empire; Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, north Italy, Austria)
From Hapsburg family
Who are the Hapsburgs and why are they important?
Family controlling Holy Roman Empire
Important= extended empire through marriage alliances (unable to dominate Europe due to internal & external problems)
What did emperor Charles V fail to do? Why?
extend authority all over Europe
Cause= Internal
Protestant reformation; Germanic princes used opp to assert independence
Lacked solid administrative structure; regions ruled independently w/ own laws & customs and had no standing army
Why were French Kings fearful of a powerful Holy Roman Empire? What did they do to prevent it from increasing power?
External: Holy Roman Empire surrounds France ← kings suspected Charles v wanted to conquer Europe
Effects: Helped German Protestants & encouraged rebellions and allied w/ ottoman Turks against Charles
Why were Ottoman Sultans fearful of a powerful Holy Roman Empire? What did they do to prevent it from increasing power?
External 2= Fear land loss of Eastern Europe ← Christianity growth (they were Islam)
Effects= allied w/ France 1526 and conquered Hungary, North Africa, and threatened Italy & Spain
What happened to Emperor Charlees V in 1556 C.E?
Loses Protestant reformation battle → agrees to let German princes to choose own faith
Abdicates throne; retired in Spain monastery
What happened to Charles V’s Holy Roman Empire?
Splits into 2
Son King Philip II gets Spain, Italy, Low Countries/ modern Netherlands
Brother Ferdinand gets Hapsburg family land/ Austria and remainder of Holy Roman Empire
In addition to religious & political change, what economic development was Europe undergoing from 1500-1800 c.e?
Growing population & regional states (absolute & constitutional monarchy) = growing economy → new system= capitalism
Economically, how were Western Europe & Eastern Europe different?
West= Raw materials (cash crops) + manufactured goods → trade. Effects= economic development + prosperity
East= same factors but limited in manufactured goods & trade ← some prosperity and development not much
What was the foundation of European economic expansion?
Growing population (improved nutrition from Colombian exchange; potatoes) → decreased mortality & increased immune system
What was Europe’s population like by 1700 C.E?
120 million
What caused the growth of cities in Europe?
Monarchs picked cities as capitals & government sites
Ex: King Philip II (Spain) chose capital Madrid → 1630 pop = 170k
Commercial center (markets & industrial factories w/ jobs) → urbanization/growth of cities
The economic growth of Europe coincided with the emergence of what?
Capitalism (economic system)
What is capitalism?
Economic system w/ goal profit (pros: profit & non owners workers wage)
production factors =
land
Labor
Capital (machinery needed 4 business)
^^ factories privately owned
Opposite= public ownership & factors government owned (socialism & communism)
In capitalism, who makes economic decisions?
Private (people who own business; parties/companies)
X public/ government
What is the center of the capitalist system?
Market = free system of trade where businesses compete 4 profit
Business supply goods & services and consumers demand (decides goods & prices)
What did European astronomers & physists reject? What did they base their understanding of the natural world on?
Rejected classical authorities (Greeks & Romans)
Stressed understanding on direct observation & mathematical understanding
Effects= Emmergence of Scientific Revolution
How did advancements in science such as the scientific method impact Europe culturally?
Weakened “The Church” → growth of secular/non-religious values
Who is Cladius Ptolemy, and why is he important?
Greek Scholar
Important: 2nd Century published “Algamest” ← Ptolemaic/geocentric Theory= Earth is center of the universe & other planets revolve around it
^^ Church supported
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus and why is he important?
Polish Astronomer
Important: 1533 Published “On Revolution Heavenly Spheres” ← Copernicus/Heliocentric theory= sun center & planets revolve around it
How did people react to Copernicus’s heliocentric theory?
Negative: Earth center & only humans exist; liar and god challenger
What is the Scientific Revolution?
1500-1800; Emmergence modern science
Developments: Mathematics, biology, chemisttry, astronomy
Transforms social views on natural world (god + church don’t have all answers)
Nature needs to be scientifically tested & explained (nature test= scientific method; data → process → reason → hypothesis → experiement → analysis → conlclusion )
Who are some of the major thinkers of the Scientific Revolution?
Galileo Galilei= Italian math teacher; discovered moon mountains, 4 moons jupiter, sun spots ← issues w/ church
Johannes Kepeler= Studied Planetary motion ← math formulas for how they move, laws of motion
Sir Issac Newton= England mathematics professor ← developed universal law of gravitation
Emile Du Chatelet= French mathemetician/ physist/ wrote books
Why is the Scientific Revolution important?
Influences other movements → emmergence enlightenment (enlightenment thinkers apply scientific revolution/reason & logic to society)
What is the Enlighten,ent?
Philosophical movement Europe 17-18th centuries (primarily West Europe, France)
Enlightenment thinkers= philosophies
^^ Goal= apply logic to solve societal issues ← freedom to vote, speech, religion
Effects= Take old social, religious, gov structures ← question, revise, update, and create new to preserve basic freedoms
Who is John Locke? Why is he important?
England Enlightenment philosophe
All people are born w/ natural rights (life, liberty, property)
In addition to John locke, who are some of the major thinkers of the Enlightenment?
Baron de Montesqui: 1748 “Spirit of the laws” (3 branches of gov; legislative, judicial, execuative)
Voltaire: Freedom Speech & religion
Why is the Enlightenment important?
Philosophes → current gov systems
(current bad need change → people pay attention → Effects= French, American, Nation revolutions)
When Europeans arrived in the Americas, what did they bring with them that was unavalible to the naitives?
Technology: Iron Metallurgy
- Guns
- Swords
- Weapons
- Shields
When Europeans arrived in the Americas, how did they exploit Native Peoples?
They exploited native differences to form alliances
Ex: Aztec Empire fell to Europeans and their subject native alliances
What are the causes of the successful European invasion on the native peoples of the Americas?
Technology (Iron Metalurgy)
Exploitation (Native differences)
Epedmic diseases (Small pox)
What European country conquered the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica and the Inca Empire in South America?
Spain
What European power established commercial ventures in Brazil?
Portugal built sugar cane plantations in South America, Brazil
What European power colonized North America?
Colonization= settle, establish SPICE control, displace natives
North America colonized by English, Dutch, French
What was the first site of interaction between Europeans and native peoples of Americas?
Americas: Carribean
Invaders: Spanish
Native Carribean: Taino Peoples
Who are the Taino, and how did they live? How did they react to the arrival of Europeans?
Taino= native peoples of Caribbean & South America who originated in South America, sailing to Caribbean and settling there in 900 C.E
Life= Agriculture (Monic) and lived in small villages w/ chiefs
Reaction= Friendly (curious of glass beads & metallurgy) → no resistance
What is Hispanola and what did the Spanish do there in 1498 C.E?
Island in the Caribbean (modern Hati & Dominican Republic)
1498; Spain Base created trading post with a capital called Santo Domingo
What was Columbus’s original plan in Carribean and why did it fail?
Spanish trade w/ Taino
Goal: Products desired in Markets (Silk & Spices)
Effects: Failed since Caribbean lacked silk and spices
Because of Columbus’s failed plans, how did Spanish settlers then resort to support their societies?
Mine gold
Problem= Labor (Spaniards refused labor)
Solution= Recruit Taino labor
What is encomeida? How did it work?
Spanish system of labor recruitment
Initially voluntary until Spanish stole native land
Labor= Mine & agriculture (cash crops; sugar)
Spanish were responsible for worker’s health, well fare, conversion to Christianity
What was life like for Taino laborers in encomeidas?
Worked hard & Punished severely for not delivering expected quantities of gold
Effects= Taino organized rebellions which failed, resulting in population decline
How did Spanish Encomeidas respond to their declining source of native labor?
Taino population decline; Enomeidas bad work conditions & small pox
Solution= Forced labor; Spanish raiding parties kidnapping & enslaving
^^ Effects= more population decline
What happened to the native population of the Caribbean from 1492-1540 C.E?
Genocide= systematic killing of targeted racial/cultural groups
1492 C.E 4 million → 1540 C.E few thousand population
What is the significance of the following sets of dates: 1000-1500, 1492, 1500-1800 C.E?
1000-1500 C.E: Pre Columbian Period
- Very little communication between old & new world
- Indigenous socities prospering & developing states
1400-1800: Era of Conquest, Colonization, European state development in Americas
- Western “discovers” New World
- Conquer states for 3gs (gold, god, glory)
1492;
- Columbus sailed the ocean blue
AP World History Timeline=
Foundations/ Ancient -600 BCE
Classical 600 BCE- 600 CE
Post-Classical 600 CE- 1450 CE
Early Modern 1450 CE- 1750 CE
How did Europeans exploit the Americas Economcially?
Joint Stock Companies
Trading Posts
Columbian Exchange
Invasion
Economic Exploitation; forced labor (Colmbus plan= build forts & trading posts 4 silk & spices → failed → gold mining → encomeida system → native replaced by African Slaves)
Settlement
What is a conquistador?
Conquistadores = conquerors
^^ mostly Spain
What conquistador invaded Mesoamerica? What did he conquer?
Hernan Cortes conquered Aztec Empire, representing Spian
What are the causes of the Success of conquistadors in the Americas?
Iron Metallurgy; Weapons/ guns
Exploit native differences (alliances)
Smallpox
Waited until Natives were weak from disease & low population then attacked
What conquistador invaded South America? What did he conquer?
Francisco Pizarro conquered Inca Empire, representing Spain
