final ids test

Thursday 04/24/25

Nicolas Copernicus

Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres

Galileo Galilei

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World / Telescope

Ptolemy

Greek astronomer

Francis Bacon

Novum Organum

Johannes Kepler

Laws of Planetary Motion

John Napier

Description of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms

Rene Decartes

Deductive reasoning / “I think, therefore I am.”

Robert Boyle

Discern the properties of the air

Robert Hooke

Mircrographia: observation and naming of cells while examining cork tissue under a microscope

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

“Father of Microbiology” for his pioneering work with microscopes, which allowed him to be the first to observe and describe microorganisms

Andreas Vesalius

On the Fabric of the Human Body / the first great modern work of science, and the foundation of modern biology

William Harvey

First to demonstrate that the circulation of blood through the body is continuous, rather than consisting of different types circulating through the veins and arteries.

Galen

Greek Roman physician and philosopher

Paracelsus

Swiss physician, alchemist, and astrologer, is famous for pioneering the use of chemical substances in medicine.

Tycho Brahe

Great astronomical observer, and made accurate and long term records of his observations, from which he derived his view of the structure of the solar system.

Artistotelian System

Refers to the traditional view of the world expressed during the age of Arstotle by the ancients and maintained and modified by the church to fit with religious doctrine throughout the middle ages

Doctrine of Uniformity

Corresponding causes produce corresponding affects throughout the universe.

Geocentric

Claims that the earth is the center of the solar system and that the sun and other planets orbit around it

Heliocentric

Earth is simply one of several planets which orbit the sun

The Inquisition

Section of the Catholic church devoted to the maintenance of Church doctrine

Kepler’s First Law of Planetary Motion

The planets move around the sun, not in circles, but ellipses.

Kepler’s Second Law of Planetary Motion

Planets do not move uniformly, but in such a manner that a line drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps out an area of the ellipse of its orbit in equal time, even if the ellipse is not perfectly centered on the sun

Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion

The squares of the periods of the planets’ orbits are proportional to the cubes of their distances from the sun

Royal Society

The greatest minds of the region in efforts to advance science through cooperation.

Universal Gravitation

Newtons explanation of the organization of the universe, the law of universal gravitation states that every particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Cartesian Plane

Two dimensional plane that is a part of the Cartesian coordinate system (coordinate plane)

Humanism

Philosophy that emphasizes human values, dignity, and the capacity for self-realization.

Alchemy

The medieval forerunner of chemistry, based on the supported transformation of matter.

Deism

A philosophical belief in a higher power that created the world but does not intervene in it. Deists believe that the reason and observation of nature are the best ways to understand God and the universe. They reject the idea that religious truth comes from divine revelation or scripture.

Empiricism

The idea that all learning comes from only experience and observations.

Scientific Objectivity

Refers to attempts to do higher quality research by eliminating personal biases, irrational emotions and false beliefs, while focusing mainly on proven facts and evidence.

Scientific Materialism

Linked to the more general version of materialism, which declares that the physical world is the only thing that exists and that nothing supernatural exists.

Reflecting Telescope

A telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image.

Refracting Telescope

A type of optical telescopes that uses a lens as its objective to form an image.

Scientific Revolution

Denotes a series of events that took place in Europe during the 17th century and marked advances in natural sciences. (no exact date, but during the 15th-17th century)

Newton’s First Law of Motion

an object at rest or in motion remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

An object acceleration depends on its mass and force applied

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

When force is enacted on an object, the object exerts and equal and opposite reaction.

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

3. Experimentation

4. Conclusion

Telescope

Used to see objects at a vast distance

Microscope

Used to see objects too small for the naked eye

Printing Press

Made paper copies using mass-produced metal blocks instead of individual calligraphy.

Physics

The study of matter’s motion and behavior

Mathematics

Used to analyze data

Alchemy

Precursor to chemistry. Focused on the transmutation of materials into other, more desirable materials, such as gold.

What are the four basic elements?

Fire, air, water, and earth.

Boyle’s Law

States that volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.

Humanism

A philosophy that supports reason and respect.

Epicycle

A smaller circle where planets moved as they moved around a larger circle.

Deferent

The larger circle that epicycles move around

Protestants

Believed each person should hold authority to make decisions about religion based on the Bible.

Catholics

Believed authority belonged to the clergy

Inductive Reasoning

Scientists use their observations to reach a conclusion

Deductive Reasoning

When scientists don’t use their observations to reach a conclusion

“Father of the Scientific Method”

Sir Francis Bacon

What are the causes of the Scientific Revolution?

• Persian and Indian Mathematics

• Renaissance

• Reformation

What are the effects of the Scientific Revolution

• Enlightenment

• Industrial Revolution

Why was the Scientific Revolution important

• Astronomy was affected by several main advancements

• The ideas of Deism was developed

• The idea of a mechanistic universe was developed

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge should be supported and justified by physical evidence

Skepticism

Scholars should be skeptical of an idea until they can be absolutely certain of its surety

Logic

Basis of all knowledge

Mechanistic Universe

That God was like a watchmaker who created a perfect universe according to a specific plan

Science

Rests on reasoning that moves from observable, measurable facts to testable explanations for those facts.

Unity

Associated with the belief in predictability is the assumption that there is an underlying unity of the universe, or a unified dynamic structure that is present in all phenomena.

Hypothesis

An educated guess—a proposed explanation for a particular set of phenomena, which can serve as a starting point for further investigation.

Pseudoscience

A body of explanations or hypotheses that, in an attempt to gain legitimacy, masquerades as science.

Research methodology

Systematic approach to gathering and analyzing information based on established scientific procedures and techniques. Experimentation is only one type of research method.

Scientific experiments

Carried out under controlled or semi-controlled conditions and involve systematic measurement and statistical analysis of data.

Independent Variable

the factor that the experimenter is manipulating

dependent variable

the one that changes in response to manipulation