Enthalpy . Thermodynamics 1st principle

State thermodynamics

study of energy exchanged between systems as heat and work and how these exchanges affect the properties of the systems.

What is a thermodynamic body

A system or substance that can exchange energy and matter with its surroundings, thereby undergoing thermodynamic processes.

What are biological thermodynamics

is the study of energy transformations in biological systems

What are the 4 characteristics of thermodynamic bodies

mass, volume, temperature, and pressure

What is a thermodynamic system ?

thermodynamic bodies exchanging energy

What are the three types TD sytems

isolated, closed, and open systems

Describe an isolated system

There is no exchange of matter or energy with the environment

Describe a closed TD system

Exchanges energy not matter

Describe an open TD system

exchange matter and energy with the environment

Describe extensive TD variables and its proportionality

It is calculated as the sum of variables for separate subsystems that compose the whole system, such as mass or volume. It is also directly proportional to the amount of substance in the system

Describe intensive TD variables

cannot be summed and have different values at different points in a system, like temperature and density

What are TD states

A set of instantaneous values of TD variables of a system

What are the two types of TD states

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium states

Describe equilibrium state

all thermodynamic variables remain constant over time and have the same values at all points in the system

Describe a non- equilibrium state

variables have different values at different points in the system and change over time

What is the equation of state?

A mathematical relationship between the state variables of a system, such as pressure, volume, temperature and the amount of substance of the system

What is a Thermodynamic Process

The transition of a TD system from one state to another

What are the two types of TD processes

Quasistatics and Non-equilibrium processes

What is a Quasistatic / equilibrium process

an infinitely slow system that is always in an equilibrium state

What is a non equilibrium process

A system passes through a non-equilibrium state when it is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, leading to gradients in properties such as temperature or pressure.

What is thermodynamic potential

variable of a TD system that changes and that depends on initial and final TD states, and does not depend on the path taken

What is Internal energy? (Thermodynamic potential)

The total potential energy associated with the interatomic and intermolecular forces and the kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the thermodynamic system does not depend on the position

What is work?

a form of energy transfer which can be described by changes of macroscopic system variables

What is heat ?

A form of energy transfer by changing the microscopic thermal motions of particles

What is the first principle of thermodynamics?

What is enthalpy ?

When a system changes its volume at constant pressure, the quantity is a thermodynamic potential

What is hess’s law

The total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is constant, regardless of whether the reaction occurs in one step or several steps

What are the applications of Hess’s law?

calculation of energy content of food

What are the types of work in the human body ?

Chemical, mechanical, osmotic, electrical

What is primary heat?

produced by metabolic and other processes in the body because their efficiency is less than 100 %

What is secondary heat?

some of the useful work converted into heat