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What are the common features of all cells?
Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm, genetic information, ribosomes, and proteins
What is the cell membrane made of?
A phospholipid bilayer
How permeable is the cell membrane
Semi-permeable
What is the function of the cell membrane
Separates the cell from the environment, and limits when enters and exits the cell
What is the function of ribosomes
They assemble protein components together
What is the function of the cytoskeleton
It gives structure to cells
What is the mitochondria
the powerhouse of the cell
What two organelles arose from endosymbiotic theory
chloroplast and mitochondria
What is the function of the smoot ER
it is a lipid processing center
What is the function of the rough ER
is a protein processing center
What occurs inside cholorplasts
Photosynthesis
What are phototrophs
organisms that use light energy to make ATP
What are chemoorganotrophs
organisms that use energy stored in organic compounds to generate ATP
What are chemolithotrophs
Organisms that use energy stored in inorganic compounds to generate ATP
What is a protocell
the common ancestor for all living things
True or False: the cell is the most basic unit of life
True
True or False: All life forms are composed of more than one cell
False, they are composed of one or more cells
True or False: New cells arise from existing cells
True
Diversity of cells can be measured in which two ways
Morphological diversity and Metabolic diversity
What four molecules make up cells?
Amino Acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
What is a covalent bond
Where two atoms share electrons
Are electrons shared equally or unequally in a nonpolar covalent bond
Equally
Are electrons shared equally or unequally in a polar covalent bond
unequally, so charges exist on the atoms
What does hydrophilic mean
water loving
What does hydrophobic mean
water fearing
Do polar molecules interact with water
Yes
Do nonpolar molecules interact with water
no
What are 2 examples of lipids
Steroids (cholesterol) and fats (triglycerides)
What does amphipathic mean
They have both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
How does cholesterol effect the fluidity of the cell membrane
More fluid at lower temps and less fluid at higher temps
What are the two types of proteins in a cell membrane
integral and peripheral
What are peripheral proteins
proteins on the surface of the membrane
What are integral proteins
proteins that stretch through the membrane
What are carbohydrates composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Are carbs hydrophobic or philic
hydrophilic
How do you tell the difference between lipids and carbs
carbs have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen, and lipids do not
What are monosaccharides
individual sugar molecules
What are polysaccharides
multiple monosaccharides bonded together through covalent bonds
What is cellulose used for
structural support in plants
What is peptidoglycan used for
structural support in bacteria
What is starch used for
Storing excess glucose in plants
What is glycogen used for
storing excess glucose in animals
What are three functions of carbs
labeling the cell, structural support, and energy storage
What is the function of the proteins in the cell membrane
to move large charged molecules across the phospholipid bilayer
What is diffusion
the random movement of molecules towards even distribution
What is a solute
molecules that are being dissolved in a solution
What is a solvent
the solution that is doing the dissolving
Diffusion always moves from what to what concentration
high to low
What is a concentration gradient
the state of having different amounts of a solute on each side of a membrane
What do transport molecules do
move molecules across the membrane
What are two passive transporters
channels and carriers
What is used during acitve transport
pumps
What does it mean when some channels are gated
they only open under certain conditions
What do pump proteins do
they use ATP to change shape, and move molecules against a concentration gradient
What is the monomer of proteins
amino acids
What is the polymer of proteins
polypeptide
What are proteins made of
An amino group, a carboxyl group, the R side chanin, and an H molecule
What are 5 cellular functions of proteins
antibodies, receptors, transporters, structural support, and enzymes
What are polymers made of
amino acid monomers linked together through peptide bonds
What is the primary structure of a protein
the order of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of a protein
Folding due to hydrogen bond formation
What are two structures that form in secondary structure
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
What is the tertiarty structure in a protein
the 3D folding of the whole protein because of the interactions of the R group
What is the quaternary structure of a protein
interactions between two or more separate protein subunits to form a larger protein
What do proteins differ in
size, shape, and function
The tertiaty or quaternary structure of an enzyme results in what
surfaces that can interact with other molecules
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