CSUF Biol 151 Exam 1

What are the common features of all cells?

Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm, genetic information, ribosomes, and proteins

What is the cell membrane made of?

A phospholipid bilayer

How permeable is the cell membrane

Semi-permeable

What is the function of the cell membrane

Separates the cell from the environment, and limits when enters and exits the cell

What is the function of ribosomes

They assemble protein components together

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

It gives structure to cells

What is the mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell

What two organelles arose from endosymbiotic theory

chloroplast and mitochondria

What is the function of the smoot ER

it is a lipid processing center

What is the function of the rough ER

is a protein processing center

What occurs inside cholorplasts

Photosynthesis

What are phototrophs

organisms that use light energy to make ATP

What are chemoorganotrophs

organisms that use energy stored in organic compounds to generate ATP

What are chemolithotrophs

Organisms that use energy stored in inorganic compounds to generate ATP

What is a protocell

the common ancestor for all living things

True or False: the cell is the most basic unit of life

True

True or False: All life forms are composed of more than one cell

False, they are composed of one or more cells

True or False: New cells arise from existing cells

True

Diversity of cells can be measured in which two ways

Morphological diversity and Metabolic diversity

What four molecules make up cells?

Amino Acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

What is a covalent bond

Where two atoms share electrons

Are electrons shared equally or unequally in a nonpolar covalent bond

Equally

Are electrons shared equally or unequally in a polar covalent bond

unequally, so charges exist on the atoms

What does hydrophilic mean

water loving

What does hydrophobic mean

water fearing

Do polar molecules interact with water

Yes

Do nonpolar molecules interact with water

no

What are 2 examples of lipids

Steroids (cholesterol) and fats (triglycerides)

What does amphipathic mean

They have both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

How does cholesterol effect the fluidity of the cell membrane

More fluid at lower temps and less fluid at higher temps

What are the two types of proteins in a cell membrane

integral and peripheral

What are peripheral proteins

proteins on the surface of the membrane

What are integral proteins

proteins that stretch through the membrane

What are carbohydrates composed of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Are carbs hydrophobic or philic

hydrophilic

How do you tell the difference between lipids and carbs

carbs have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen, and lipids do not

What are monosaccharides

individual sugar molecules

What are polysaccharides

multiple monosaccharides bonded together through covalent bonds

What is cellulose used for

structural support in plants

What is peptidoglycan used for

structural support in bacteria

What is starch used for

Storing excess glucose in plants

What is glycogen used for

storing excess glucose in animals

What are three functions of carbs

labeling the cell, structural support, and energy storage

What is the function of the proteins in the cell membrane

to move large charged molecules across the phospholipid bilayer

What is diffusion

the random movement of molecules towards even distribution

What is a solute

molecules that are being dissolved in a solution

What is a solvent

the solution that is doing the dissolving

Diffusion always moves from what to what concentration

high to low

What is a concentration gradient

the state of having different amounts of a solute on each side of a membrane

What do transport molecules do

move molecules across the membrane

What are two passive transporters

channels and carriers

What is used during acitve transport

pumps

What does it mean when some channels are gated

they only open under certain conditions

What do pump proteins do

they use ATP to change shape, and move molecules against a concentration gradient

What is the monomer of proteins

amino acids

What is the polymer of proteins

polypeptide

What are proteins made of

An amino group, a carboxyl group, the R side chanin, and an H molecule

What are 5 cellular functions of proteins

antibodies, receptors, transporters, structural support, and enzymes

What are polymers made of

amino acid monomers linked together through peptide bonds

What is the primary structure of a protein

the order of amino acids

What is the secondary structure of a protein

Folding due to hydrogen bond formation

What are two structures that form in secondary structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

What is the tertiarty structure in a protein

the 3D folding of the whole protein because of the interactions of the R group

What is the quaternary structure of a protein

interactions between two or more separate protein subunits to form a larger protein

What do proteins differ in

size, shape, and function

The tertiaty or quaternary structure of an enzyme results in what

surfaces that can interact with other molecules