How organisms maintain their internal balance.
Homeostasis is not a process, it is a state.
Internal environment: Temperature, blood, pressure, water concentration, glucose concentration.
Skin structures:
Hair y hair erector muscle:
Free nerve (sensitive to pain and temperature)
Sweat pore and sweat gland:
Epidermis
Dermis: Where touch and pressure receptors are located.
Arteriole
Fatty tissue / Adipose tissue: Insulates heat, retarding heat dissipation.
When we are cold, skeletal muscles contract and we shiver. Plus, the energy needed to do this is sometimes released as heat.
When we are cold blood flow in capillaries reduces so that it is not so close to the surface where radiation is faster and easier, a process known as vasoconstriction.
When we are hot blood flow is higher, so that capillaries and blood vessels dilate and blood flows closer to the surface where it can be transferred more accurately. That is also the reason why in a hot environment our cheeks become red. This event is known as vasodilation.
organ | factors controlled through homeostatic responses |
---|---|
Brain | All processes. |
Skin | Temperature |
Liver | Glucose levels (with hormones) |
Lungs | Oxygen and CO2 (CO2 and O2 change pH) |
Kidneys | Water and salts |
If one organ fails to maintain homeostasis, then homeostasis as a whole is lost too, to the complexity of connections starting from the blood in an organism’s body.
negative feedback | positive feedback |
---|---|
A factor triggers a counter-response in the body, and comes back to the set limit: comes back to a homeostatic state. | Not related to homeostasis since a change in the external or internal environment triggers the reinforcement of that change. |
Example: Glucose control with insulin and glucagon. | Example: Birth contractions. |