bi-
twice, double, two
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous band
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
pertaining to
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o
coordination, order
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension
tri-
three
abduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body
adduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
ataxia
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movment
carpal tunnel syndrome
occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel (a narrow, bony passage under the carpal ligament that are located just below the inner surface of the wrist) are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
chronic fatigue syndrome
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems; also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis
circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
dorsiflexion
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
dyskinesia
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
electromyography (EMG)
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
fibromyalgia
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms
ganglion cyst
a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
heel spur
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
hernia
the protrusion of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
hyperkinesia
also known as hyperactivity, is abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon; more movable attachment and is the farthest point from the midline of the body
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
muscular dystrophy
a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
myocele
the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
myoclonus
the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myofascial release
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
myolysis
the degeneration of muscle tissue
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a muscle
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
oblique
slanted or at an angle
origin
where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton; the less movable attaachment
paralysis
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle though disease or injury to its nerve supply
paraplegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
plantar fasciitis
an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
polymyositis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many part of the body
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
shin splint
a painful condition by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)
singultus
also known as hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passage way
sprain
an injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
tenodesis
the surgical binding of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenorrhaphy
the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
tenosynovitis
an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenotomy
a surgical incision into a tendon
torticollis
also known as wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
transverse
in a crosswise direction