Neuro : psychatric diseases midterm

studied byStudied by 4 People
0.0(0)
Get a hint
hint

What is neuroscience

1/101

Tags & Description

Studying Progress

New cards
101
Still learning
0
Almost done
0
Mastered
0
101 Terms
New cards

What is neuroscience

multidisciplinary science that studies the nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and how it functions

  • different themes

New cards
New cards

What is mental illness

  • Reduces ability to function for prolonged periods

  • significant levels of distress

  • changes in mood, behaviour, thinking

  • feelings of sadness and loneliness

  • feeling disconnected

New cards
New cards

What are the causes of psychiatric disease

Genetics, early life experience (trauma, abuse) stressful life event (death, loss of job), epigenetics (role of environment), environmental influences on fetus (drug or alcohol abuse)

New cards
New cards

What is the biopsychosocial model

Model that attributes mental illness to multiple factors

  • biological

  • psychological

  • social factors

New cards
New cards

Medical model of psychiatric disease

mental illness comes from various underlyine factors (physiological, biological or genetic)

  • psychological issues are classified under biological disease or abnormalities in brain function

New cards
New cards

Etiology

What causes it?

New cards
New cards

Prognosis

What is it?

What are the short/long term consequences?

New cards
New cards

Epidemiology/Prevalence

How common is it?

New cards
New cards

What does RDoC stand for?

Research Domain Criteria Initiative

New cards
New cards

Dorsal

Directional term for the to of the brain (surface)

New cards
New cards

Ventral

bottom of the brain

New cards
New cards

anterior

front of the brain

New cards
New cards

posterior

back of the brain

New cards
New cards

medial

middle of the brain

New cards
New cards

lateral

sides of the brain

New cards
New cards

coronal section

view from dorsal to ventral

<p>view from dorsal to ventral</p>
New cards
New cards

Horizontal section

lateral to lateral

<p>lateral to lateral</p>
New cards
New cards

Saggital section

anterior to posterior view

<p>anterior to posterior view</p>
New cards
New cards

Cerebrum

Major component. Made up of both hemispheres.

New cards
New cards

Cerebral cortex

Outermost layer of gray matter

New cards
New cards

Cerebellum

Motor coordination. (w/ balance and fine motor control) and mental processes

New cards
New cards

Brain stem

connects brain to spinal cord.

Responsible for basic instinctual functions

New cards
New cards

Spinal cord

carries nerve signals throughout your body

New cards
New cards

Gyrus

bumps and ridges on your brain

New cards
New cards

Sulcus

grooves that complement the gyrus

New cards
New cards

Efferent nerves

Exit.

Connect CNS to skeletal muscles and motor nerves

New cards
New cards

Afferent Nerves

arrive.

Carries info into the CNS

New cards
New cards

Parasympathetic syst.

rest and digest

New cards
New cards

sympathetic syst.

fight or flight.

New cards
New cards

right hemisphere

controls emotion, creativity, spatial ability, artistic and musical skills

New cards
New cards

left hemisphere

speech and language control center. Arithmetic and writing.

New cards
New cards

cerebral hemisphere

groove in the middle of both hemispheres that connects the two.

New cards
New cards

frontal lobe

reasoning and decision making. Motor and executive function (planning, organization, initiation in order to achieve a goal.)

New cards
New cards

Central sulcus

separates the lobes

New cards
New cards

Parietal lobe

tactile functions, sense of self in space, somatic sensory

New cards
New cards

Occipital lobe

visual processing (real and hallucinatory)

New cards
New cards

Temporal lobe

visual, auditory and gustotory functions

New cards
New cards

corpus callosum

White matter made up of axons that connects and communicates between the two hemispheres.

New cards
New cards

Components of the brain stem

Diencephalon

Midbrain

Hindbrain

New cards
New cards

Components of the diencephalon

Thalamus and hypothalamus

New cards
New cards

Thalamus

integrate sensory info in and then divide out the info to different parts to process

New cards
New cards

hypothalamus

main region involved in homeostasis

New cards
New cards

midbrain

key cells involved in the reward circuit.

Secretes dopamine

New cards
New cards

Hindbrain

Pons : connects cerebellum to brain stem. involved in sleep

Medulla: controls breathing and HR. connects brain and spinal cord

New cards
New cards

ventricular syst.

cerebral spinal fluid circulates in the ventricles in order to cushion the brain.

New cards
New cards

ventricles

four interconnected hollow spaces in the brain that circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

New cards
New cards

cerebral spinal fluid

fills ventricles, similar density to brain.

New cards
New cards

Meningeal layers + functions

dura mater: thickest

arachnoid: looks like spiderwebs in which CSF circulates

pia mater: delicate inner layer.

New cards
New cards

blood brain barrier

tighter endothelial junctions

endothelial cells line the inside of the blood vessels. Very small gaps to protect brain from toxins.

ex. area postrema that activates the vomit reflex

New cards
New cards

neuron

basic information processing units that communicate between each other

New cards
New cards

glial cells

support and regulate neural activities.

form = function

form myelin sheaths that insulate axons and allow for faster communications

New cards
New cards

Anatomy of the neuron

Dendrites - cell body - axon hillock - axon - terminal button

(very organized, oriented and layered)

New cards
New cards

Dendrites

gathers info. collects and integrates into the cell body

New cards
New cards

cell body of neuron

contains nucleus and DNA

New cards
New cards

axon hillock

where action potential begins.

New cards
New cards

Axon

passes down the depolarization to terminal buttons

New cards
New cards

terminal buttons

conveys info to other neurons through their dendrites.

New cards
New cards

myelination of axons

myelin = fatty white substance produced by glial cells

oligodendrocyte = (CNS) myelinates multiple axons

schwann cells = (PNS) myelinates one axon

New cards
New cards

grey matter

cell bodies and blood vessels

New cards
New cards

white matter

rich in myelinated axons. highways of the brain

New cards
New cards

Tracts

bundles of axons in CNS

connect nuclei to each other

mostly white myelinated matter

New cards
New cards

nerves

bundles of axons in PNS

New cards
New cards

nuclei

clusters of cell bodies that form a functional group w/ specific function.

clusters working together = circuit

New cards
New cards

Action potential

message travelling from axon hillock to axon terminals

  • flows in orthodromic direction

  • short term change in membrane polarity that transmits electrical signal

Takes place in ion channels in the neuron membrane. starts at -70mV

  • sodium channels open at -50mV. sodium rushes in and depolarizes.

  • followed by hyperpolarization to not trigger another action potential right away.

  • positive feedback loop that moves it down the axon.

New cards
New cards

synapse

point of connection between two neurons. site of inter-neuron info transfer

New cards
New cards

components of synapse

presynaptic neuron - synaptic cleft - post synaptic neuron

(vesicles that each contain a quanta of neurotransmitters)

New cards
New cards

steps of synaptic transfer

  1. Neurotransmitters are synthesized and transported down to terminal buttons where they’re stores in vesicles.

  2. action potential changes charge, calcium flows in that releases NT

  3. NT bind to respecctive receptors in the post-synaptic membrane

  4. Receptors are coupled to ion channels that opens when boound. influx of ions. causes post-synaptic potential (PSP)

New cards
New cards

Excitatoy PSP

depolarizing event. positively charged cations flows in. Increases likelihood of another action potential.

New cards
New cards

Inhibitory PSP

Hyperpolarizing event. Anions flow in. decreases likelihood of another action potential.

New cards
New cards

Temporal summation

Multiple impulses received together will trigger an action potential when alone they wouldn’t have been able too.

New cards
New cards

Major classes of neurotransmitters

Amino acids

Monoamines

Peptides

Other

New cards
New cards

Ligands

molecules that bind to and activate receptors.

NT and hormones are ligands to their respective receptor.

Ligand that binds + opens = agonist

Ligand that binds + prevents from opening = antagonist

New cards
New cards

Deactivation of neurotransmitters

Diffusion

Degradation (via enzyme)

Reuptake proteins (reabsorbs into the cell that just released it)

Glial cells

New cards
New cards

Hormones

Specific chemicals released by one cell group in an endocrine gland that travel through the blood stream in order to act on targets in the body

New cards
New cards

HPA axis

 hypothalamic - pituitary- adrenal axis

Hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone). Acts on anterior pituitary

Pituitary releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone) acts on the adrenal gland

Adrenal: releases glucocorticoids (cortisol)

New cards
New cards

stress

effect of the stressor.

New cards
New cards

Stressor

Perceived threat to the body /body’s homeostasis that provokes a response

Either psychological or physical

New cards
New cards

Stress response

body’s response to stressor.

physiological and/or behavioral changes to cope with/escape stressor

New cards
New cards

General adaptation syndrome

Alarm: initial fight/flight

Resistance: physiological adaptation to cope with the stressor.

Exhaustion: Physiological resources depleted. Unable to cope. Disease.

New cards
New cards

SAM axis

Sympatho-adrenomedullary axis

  • fast pathway.

Hypothalamus projects to spinal cord to synapse with SNS neurons. Project to adrenal medulla which releases catecholamines

New cards
New cards

Catecholamines

Epinephrine and norepinephrine which bind to adregenic receptors throught the body

New cards
New cards

Cortisol

Steroid hormone. Glucocorticoid.

Ligand for:

  • Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR)

  • Glucocorticoid receptors (GR)

    • Activated by elevated cortisol levels.

Transcription factor type receptors

  • goes into DNA and changes how genes are expressed.

New cards
New cards

Effects of cortisol

Inhibits immune syst.

Metabolic effects

  • ↓ bone and connective tissue formation

  • ↑ breakdown of lean body mass

  • ↑ blood sugar levels

  • Altered sensitivity of tissue to other hormones.

New cards
New cards

Impact of stress on cognition

impairs higher level reasoning, flexible thinking and memory

Prefrontal cortex (main planning, decision maker)

  • recent brain structure that inhibits lower brains structures (less adapted to today’s world). Stress inhibits the PFC and the lower structures are dominant (basal ganglia and amygdala)

New cards