Apush Unit 2-3

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41 Terms

1

European Colonization in the New World

Refers to the period where Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers established colonies in America with different goals impacting economic, political, and cultural development.

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2

Triangular Trade

A trade network in the 18th century involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas, where goods like slaves, cash crops, and manufactured items were exchanged.

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3

Indentured Servitude

People who traded their freedom for passage to the New World for a set period, declining in favor of slavery in the 17th century.

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4

Bacon’s Rebellion

A failed 1676 revolt in Jamestown led by Nathaniel Bacon against the Virginia Colony's aristocracy, strengthening racially coded laws.

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5

Headright system

A policy granting land to settlers who paid for their passage to the New World, aiming to encourage immigration and settlement.

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6

Charter of Liberties and Privileges

Drafted in 1683 by a New York assembly, mandated elections, trial by jury, security of property, and religious tolerance for Protestant churches.

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7

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The first “constitution” in colonial America, established the Hartford government in 1639, allowed power of government to be derived from the governed.

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8

Great Migration of the 1630s

A period where many Puritan families moved to Massachusetts, approximately 20,000 Puritans immigrated by 1642.

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9

George Whitefield

A preacher during the Great Awakening, emphasized the consequences of sin in his sermons.

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10

Mercantilism

Economic theory advocating government control to enhance national power, prominent in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries.

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11

Toleration Act of 1689

An English law allowing free worship for most Protestants, forced on Massachusetts in 1691 after becoming a royal colony.

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12

Massachusetts Circular Letter

A response to the Townshend Acts demanding their repeal, penned by Samuel Adams, which revitalized boycotts of British goods.

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13

Boston Massacre

Incident in 1770 where British troops killed five and wounded six protesters, leading to John Adams defending the guards in trial.

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14

Committees of Correspondence

A network for circulating protest letters against British policies, crucial in organizing the Continental Congress.

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15

Gaspee Affair

The burning of a British warship by the Sons of Liberty, celebrated as a victory against tax burdens.

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16

Tea Act

A 1773 law lowering tea prices but rejected by colonists wary of British revenue collection, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

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17

Boston Tea Party

Protest where Bostonians dumped tea into the harbor, resulting in the closure of the Harbor and the revocation of the colonial charter of Massachusetts.

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18

Quebec Act

1774 act expanding Quebec's borders and allowing religious freedom, angering colonists in the Ohio River Valley.

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19

Intolerable Acts

Punitive laws by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, including the Quebec Act and Tea Act.

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20

Declaration and Resolves

Address to King George III by the First Continental Congress urging redress of colonial grievances while recognizing Parliament's authority.

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21

First Continental Congress

1774 assembly responding to the Intolerable Acts, advocating military readiness and boycotts.

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22

Thomas Gage

British general enforcing the Intolerable Acts, leading forces at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill.

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23

American Revolution

Anti-colonial revolt leading to the establishment of the United States, distinct from the Revolutionary War.

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24

Declaration of Independence

Document announcing the colonies' independence from England, reflecting Enlightenment philosophy.

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25

Patriots

Activists for independence, often young New Englanders and Virginians volunteering in the Continental Army.

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26

Tories

British political party controlling Parliament during the Revolution, led by Lord North.

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27

Benedict Arnold

American general infamous for defecting to the British, known for his role in the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga.

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28

Horatio Gates

American general credited with winning the Battle of Saratoga alongside Benedict Arnold.

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29

Battle of Saratoga

Two battles in 1777 leading to a British retreat, pivotal in securing French aid for the American cause.

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30

Whigs

British political party negotiating peace terms with the colonists, distinct from the later American party.

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31

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Treaty ending the Revolutionary War, recognizing the U.S. as an independent country and setting boundaries with the British Empire.

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32

George Mason

Delegate at the Constitutional Convention who refused to sign the final document due to the absence of a Bill of Rights and his objection to the slave trade.

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33

Political parties

Factions within a republican government, despite warnings from the Founding Fathers, that quickly emerged in Washington's first term, leading to the enduring two-party system in the U.S.

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34

Edmund Randolph

Founding Father who proposed the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention, favoring larger states.

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35

Virginia Plan

Proposal by Edmund Randolph at the Constitutional Convention advocating for representation in both legislative houses based solely on population.

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36

William Paterson

Founding Father who presented the New Jersey Plan at the Constitutional Convention, calling for equal representation in the legislative branch.

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37

New Jersey Plan

Proposal by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention for equal representation in the legislative branch, resembling the structure under the Articles of Confederation.

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38

Roger Sherman

Founding Father who proposed the Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention, shaping the structure of the legislative branch.

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39

Connecticut Compromise

Proposal at the Constitutional Convention establishing membership in one legislative branch based on state population and equal representation in the Senate.

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40

House of Representatives

Lower chamber of the U.S. Congress with representation proportional to population, fixed at 435 seats by the Reapportionment Act of 1929.

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41

Senate

Upper chamber of the U.S. Congress with representation by state, each state having two Senators regardless of population.

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