IB History - Rights and Protests Textbook Pgs. 181-202

Source V

In Cato Manor, police responded brutally to Shebeen owners

Durban Riots Cause

Africans accusing Indian shopkeepers for high prices and Indians often treated Africans as racially inferior

Source W

Africans might’ve had something to gain so they blamed the Indians for prices and pictured them as snobbishly superior over the Africans

Unity under non-violent protest

ANC and DAIC were influenced by Ghandi’s non-violent protest style but ultimately radicalized their methods

May Stay away 1950

APO (African people’s organization) was created as an organization for coloured South Africans opposing apartheid

Suppression of Communism Act 1950

could be used to arrest anyone doing anything the authorities deemed as subversive

Source X

that the political action against communism was praised since that was the “villain” in the story of europeans

Day of Protest 1950

emergency ANC conference in Johannesburg to plan a campaign in response to the suppression of Communism

M Plan

partly a response to the suppression of Communism Act; made a secret method of communication for ANC leaders

Defiance Campaign 1952

proceeded by a letter from ANC to Prime Minister Malan by demanding complete repeal of apartheid laws and Suppression of Communism Act

1st stage of Defiance Campaign

breaking the Native Laws Amendment Act 1952 in hopes of government being overwhelmed by number of arrests

2nd stage of Defiance Campaign

mass defiance of strikes and protests

Source Y

Mandela does not look at numbers but instead, he strives for his best in all situations

Results of Defiance Campaign

-propaganda to limit protest support

-tried to influence anti-apartheid

-blamed violence in Port Elizabeth and East London

Chief Albert Luthuli

-forced to choose between chief or being ANC president and punished by government once he didn’t pick

-published “The Road to Freedom is the Cross”

Source Z

the government has constantly attacked with white supremacy and the ANC openly rejects the government in a non-violent manner

Results of the campaign for ANC

-mass organization led by committed and experienced activists

-maintained policy of non-violence

-could embarrass government through protest but this would never diminish apartheid

1953 Public Safety Act

allowed government to call a state of emergency for up to 12 months

1953 Criminal Law Ammendment Act

anyone accompanying a person found guilty of a crime would automatically be guilty and have to prove innocence

1956 Riotous Assemblies Act

passed as a response to mass meeting at Kliptown; open-air meetings could be banned if they present black/white hostility

Source AA

the people of South Africa have minimal rights and their daily lives are controlled by the ogvernment

Effects of the creation of the Congress Alliance

-begins split in ANC

-ratified Freedom Charter

-crowd broken by police - “treason”

Source BB

Preamble of Freedom Charter

-South Africa belongs to ALL people who live in it

-South Africans have been robbed of their birthrights

-country will not be prosperous until the brotherhood of all races occurs

-only a democratic state can ensure equal birthrights

Source CC

the land and wealth of the land should be shared amongst the people who tend to it

Source DD

Mandela refutes the allegations of Communism against the Freedom Charter by stating that the goal was to integrate Africans into existing national economy

The Treason Trial

authorities arrested 156 in Kliptown Meeting for treason (1956) and in 1957 they were tried and released due to lack of evidence

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

Black African organization that set up an Africanish agenda; government tof South Africa should only consist of black Africans

Source EE

the Treason Trial had impact many blacks for fighting for their rights

Treason Trial’s star witness

Professor Andrew Murray

Zeerust Uprising 1957

Men and women from Zenrust chartered buses to join in protests against passes

East Pondoland

Cheif Botha Sigcau and councillors accused of selling mineral rights and violence sprung between police and residents

Promotion of Self-government Act of 1959

turned local cheifs into government agents rather than representatives of the people