OCR A 6.1.3 Carboxylic Acids and Esters

carboxylic acids solubility

-dissolve in polar solvents

-they can H bond with water molecules

-larger the hydrocarbon part less soluble

carboxylic acid dissociation

-weak acids: dissociate partially to form H⁺ ion and a carboxylate ion

carboxylic acid + carbonate

forms

-CO₂

-H₂O

-salt

carboxylic acid + base

-salt and water

carboxylic acid +metal

-salt + hydrogen

carboxylic acid + metal oxide

water + salt

acyl chlorides

-func grp: -COCl

-oyl chloride

acyl chloride reactions

-when reacted Cl is replaced

water + acyl chloride

HCl and acid

nucleophilic addition/elimination

acyl chloride + ammonnia

amides +HCl

nucleophilic addition/elimination

acyl chloride + alcohol

produce esters + HCl

acyl chloride + primary amine

n-subd amides + HCl

acid anhydrides

molecule made from 2 carboxylic acids that are same

naming acid anhydrides

from carboxylic acid - acid + anyhydride

name

acid anhydrides + alcohol

esters + carboxylic acid

acyl chloride + phenol

ester + acylnoate

alcohol + carboxylic acid

ester

esterification

-carboxylic acid/acid anhydride + alcohol

-sulphuric acid catalyst

ester hydrolysis

-split using water

-sped up using an acid or base

acid hydrolysis

-use dilute acid to split into alcohol and carboxylic acid

-use sulfuric/ hydrochloric acid

-under reflux

acid hydrolysis reaction

base hydrolysis

-use dilute base(sodium hydroxide)

-forms carboxylate ion & alcohol

-under reflux

base hydrolysis reaction