Bio Exam

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154 Terms

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Microscope

zooms in on what the naked eye can’t see

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3 parts of cell theory

all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other pre-existing cells

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Who invented the microscope

Hans and Zacharias Janssen (brothers)

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electron microscope

obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens

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SEM

detailed surface scan (3d)

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TEM

through the specimen

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light microscope

an instrument that uses light, magnifying lenses, and an eyepiece to examine objects too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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light vs electron microscope

one can be alive and the other cant be alive but you get a higher resolution image

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field of view

how much you're able to see of a magnified sample at a specific magnification level

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total magnification

take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X.

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estimate size of organell

a few nanometers to several micrometers, depending on the specific organelle and organism, with most falling within the range of 0.5 - 10 micrometers

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nucleus

a membrane-bound organelle within a cell that serves as the control center, stores DNA, metabolism

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nucleolus

to synthesize and process ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble ribosomes

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nuclear pore

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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nucleur membrane

serves to separate the chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm and other contents

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cell membrane

provides protection for a cell

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cell wall

(only plants) layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane

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cytoskeleton

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization,

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cytopalsm

to act as the gel-like fluid inside a cell, holding organelles in place and facilitating the movement of molecules within the cell

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cytosol

provide structural support to the cell organelles

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids, found in liver (Detox)

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes and process proteins, is located within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, often near the nucleus

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golgi appartaus

transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid (packaging center) positioned near the nucleus and close to the (ER)

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ribosomes

makes proteins (into a chain of amino acids, which then fold to form proteins) found near cytoplasm or RER

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lysosomes

garbage disposal (breaks down waste) found in cytoplasm of animals

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preixoslomes

Carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. They generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for destroying the excess by means of the catalase they contain. (acting as a cellular detoxification center) (cell cytoplasm)

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vacoule

In animal cells, generally small and help get rid of waste products. In plant cells, help maintain water balance

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vesiscle

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid, ER and Golgi apparatus

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centrioles

organizing centers for microtubules within a cell, near nucleus in animal cells

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chloroplast

carry out photosynthesis, and receives sunlight for plant

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mitochondria

powerhouse of cell- provides usable energy for the cell

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<p>plant vs animal cell</p>

plant vs animal cell

plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these structures, instead having centrioles and lysosomes which are typically absent in plant cells

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prokaroyic vs eukarotic

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a nuclear envelope; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm.

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where cellular respiration takes place

in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

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where photosynthesis takes place

in the chloroplasts of plant cells

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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cell membrane

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

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phospholipid

a hydrophilic "head" with a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" made up of fatty acids, typically connected by a glycerol backbone

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cholesterol

to stabilize the interactions between the phospholipids and prevent the membrane from getting too fluid or too flexible.

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transmembrane protein

serve as channels or gates that facilitate the entry and exit of molecules and across the cell membranes.

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peripheral proteins

support communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer and on surface of cell membrane

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integral proteins

channeling or transporting molecules across the membrane and found in plasma membrane

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glycoproteins

allow white blood cells to move around the body, initiate immune responses, and identify other cells and are found in cell membrane

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glycolipids

to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition

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fluid mosaic model

describes the main characteristics of the plasma membrane because fluid and has many parts

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extracellular matrix

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body

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transport proteins

acts as doors to the cell, helping certain molecules pass back and forth across the plasma membrane

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polar heads

contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell hydrophillic (water loving)

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non polar tails

hydrophobic (water-fearing) part of the molecule, causing them to face inwards within the membrane, away from the aqueous environment, and essentially creating a barrier that prevents water-soluble substances from easily passing through the cell membrane

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channel proteins

a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

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carrier proteins

bind specific molecules to be transported on one side of the membrane

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passive transport

a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to expend energy to accomplish the movement

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active transport

the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.

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ATP

nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.

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diffusion

moving of substances by the natural movement of their particles.

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osmosis

water diffusion

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tonicity

the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content (hyper, hypo)

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isotonic

same amount inside and out of cell

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dynamic

relationships existing between organisms, their physiology, and their environment

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equilibrium

the balance of particles in a cell

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hypotonic

water outside so rushes inside

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hypertonic

water inside cell so rushed outside

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turgid

normal state of plants

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flacid

wilting state of plants

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lyse

explosion of animal cell

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animal and plants cells in diffrent solutions

iso is normal for plants and hypo is normal for plants

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with/down concentration gradient

passive transport - diffusion

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up//\against concentration gradient

active transport - uses energy

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 solution

mixture of solute and solvent

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solvent

what there is more of (ex:water)

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solute

what there is less of (ex: salt)

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plasmolysis

a process involving a plant cell losing water content and therefore contracting and shrinking its cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the inside of its cell wall.

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Exocytosis

exists the cell (the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.)

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endocytosis

enters the cell (the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle)

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pinocytosis

a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules

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phagocytosis

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.

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Sodium/Potassium pump

active transporters that use energy, such as ATP, to. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell transports two potassium ions inside the cell.

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<p><span>organelles found in onion root tip cells</span></p>

organelles found in onion root tip cells

nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, large vacuole, mitochondria, and ribosomes

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Active Transport vs Passive Transport

requires energy vs natural movement

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Organic compounds

compound containing carbon

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monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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dehydration reaction

chemical reaction that involves the loss of water to bond monomers.

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hydrolysis reactions

chemical reaction that involves the gain of water to separate polymers

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carbohydrates

a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, sugar molecules, body main fuel source

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lipids

not a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, fatty compounds, storing energy

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protiens

a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, made of amino acids, help make new cells and repair them

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nucleic acids

a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, large biomolecules, storage of DNA

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fatty acids

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amino acids

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nucleotides

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peptide bonds

when two amino acids are positioned so that carboxyl/group of one is adjacent to amino groip of another they can be joined by denaturation with removal of water

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polypeptides

polymer of amino acids protein biologically functioned molecule made up of one or mode polypeptides folded and coiled into specific 3D structure

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saccharides

sugar molecule

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monosachrides

simplest carbohydrate (sugar) CH20

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disachradies

a type of carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharides linked together

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polysacchrides

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides

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glucose

the main sugar found in your blood. It is your body's primary source of energy

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fructose

sugar found naturally in fruits, fruit juices, some vegetables and honey

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sucrose

a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose, commonly found in sugarcane and sugar beets

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amylose

a polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds (in starch)

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starch

polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cells