Bio Exam

Microscope

Microscope

zooms in on what the naked eye can’t see

3 parts of cell theory

all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other pre-existing cells

Who invented the microscope

Hans and Zacharias Janssen (brothers)

electron microscope

obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens

SEM

detailed surface scan (3d)

TEM

through the specimen

light microscope

an instrument that uses light, magnifying lenses, and an eyepiece to examine objects too small to be seen by the naked eye.

light vs electron microscope

one can be alive and the other cant be alive but you get a higher resolution image

field of view

how much you're able to see of a magnified sample at a specific magnification level

total magnification

take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X.

estimate size of organell

a few nanometers to several micrometers, depending on the specific organelle and organism, with most falling within the range of 0.5 - 10 micrometers

nucleus

a membrane-bound organelle within a cell that serves as the control center, stores DNA, metabolism

nucleolus

to synthesize and process ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble ribosomes

nuclear pore

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nucleur membrane

serves to separate the chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm and other contents

cell membrane

provides protection for a cell

cell wall

(only plants) layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane

cytoskeleton

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization,

cytopalsm

to act as the gel-like fluid inside a cell, holding organelles in place and facilitating the movement of molecules within the cell

cytosol

provide structural support to the cell organelles

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids, found in liver (Detox)

rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes and process proteins, is located within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, often near the nucleus

golgi appartaus

transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid (packaging center) positioned near the nucleus and close to the (ER)

ribosomes

makes proteins (into a chain of amino acids, which then fold to form proteins) found near cytoplasm or RER

lysosomes

garbage disposal (breaks down waste) found in cytoplasm of animals

preixoslomes

Carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. They generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for destroying the excess by means of the catalase they contain. (acting as a cellular detoxification center) (cell cytoplasm)

vacoule

In animal cells, generally small and help get rid of waste products. In plant cells, help maintain water balance

vesiscle

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid, ER and Golgi apparatus

centrioles

organizing centers for microtubules within a cell, near nucleus in animal cells

chloroplast

carry out photosynthesis, and receives sunlight for plant

mitochondria

powerhouse of cell- provides usable energy for the cell

plant vs animal cell

plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these structures, instead having centrioles and lysosomes which are typically absent in plant cells

prokaroyic vs eukarotic

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a nuclear envelope; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm.

where cellular respiration takes place

in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

where photosynthesis takes place

in the chloroplasts of plant cells

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

cell membrane

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

phospholipid

a hydrophilic "head" with a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" made up of fatty acids, typically connected by a glycerol backbone

cholesterol

to stabilize the interactions between the phospholipids and prevent the membrane from getting too fluid or too flexible.

transmembrane protein

serve as channels or gates that facilitate the entry and exit of molecules and across the cell membranes.

peripheral proteins

support communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer and on surface of cell membrane

integral proteins

channeling or transporting molecules across the membrane and found in plasma membrane

glycoproteins

allow white blood cells to move around the body, initiate immune responses, and identify other cells and are found in cell membrane

glycolipids

to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition

fluid mosaic model

describes the main characteristics of the plasma membrane because fluid and has many parts

extracellular matrix

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body

transport proteins

acts as doors to the cell, helping certain molecules pass back and forth across the plasma membrane

polar heads

contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell hydrophillic (water loving)

non polar tails

hydrophobic (water-fearing) part of the molecule, causing them to face inwards within the membrane, away from the aqueous environment, and essentially creating a barrier that prevents water-soluble substances from easily passing through the cell membrane

channel proteins

a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

carrier proteins

bind specific molecules to be transported on one side of the membrane

passive transport

a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to expend energy to accomplish the movement

active transport

the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.

ATP

nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.

diffusion

moving of substances by the natural movement of their particles.

osmosis

water diffusion

tonicity

the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content (hyper, hypo)

isotonic

same amount inside and out of cell

dynamic

relationships existing between organisms, their physiology, and their environment

equilibrium

the balance of particles in a cell

hypotonic

water outside so rushes inside

hypertonic

water inside cell so rushed outside

turgid

normal state of plants

flacid

wilting state of plants

lyse

explosion of animal cell

animal and plants cells in diffrent solutions

iso is normal for plants and hypo is normal for plants

with/down concentration gradient

passive transport - diffusion

up//\against concentration gradient

active transport - uses energy

 solution

mixture of solute and solvent

solvent

what there is more of (ex:water)

solute

what there is less of (ex: salt)

plasmolysis

a process involving a plant cell losing water content and therefore contracting and shrinking its cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the inside of its cell wall.

Exocytosis

exists the cell (the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.)

endocytosis

enters the cell (the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle)

pinocytosis

a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules

phagocytosis

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.

Sodium/Potassium pump

active transporters that use energy, such as ATP, to. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell transports two potassium ions inside the cell.

organelles found in onion root tip cells

nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, large vacuole, mitochondria, and ribosomes

Active Transport vs Passive Transport

requires energy vs natural movement

Organic compounds

compound containing carbon

monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

dehydration reaction

chemical reaction that involves the loss of water to bond monomers.

hydrolysis reactions

chemical reaction that involves the gain of water to separate polymers

carbohydrates

a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, sugar molecules, body main fuel source

lipids

not a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, fatty compounds, storing energy

protiens

a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, made of amino acids, help make new cells and repair them

nucleic acids

a macromolecule that is part of the 4 main groups of life, large biomolecules, storage of DNA

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotides

peptide bonds

when two amino acids are positioned so that carboxyl/group of one is adjacent to amino groip of another they can be joined by denaturation with removal of water

polypeptides

polymer of amino acids protein biologically functioned molecule made up of one or mode polypeptides folded and coiled into specific 3D structure

saccharides

sugar molecule

monosachrides

simplest carbohydrate (sugar) CH20

disachradies

a type of carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharides linked together

polysacchrides

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides

glucose

the main sugar found in your blood. It is your body's primary source of energy

fructose

sugar found naturally in fruits, fruit juices, some vegetables and honey

sucrose

a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose, commonly found in sugarcane and sugar beets

amylose

a polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds (in starch)

starch

polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cells