Mediaeval period:
850 - 1450
Middle ages
Same Time period as Islamic World, but different part of the world
Middle ages where in the Western Europe including Britain
Main religion - Catholicism
Islamic world was in Arabic countries
In the Islamic world they teach that illness comes from Allah, But he also put the cures on earth as well as the sickness.
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The Four Humours
- * Flegmat - phlegm, Sangvin - Blood, Choleric - Yellow bile, Zaelic - Black Bile
If any of the humours were out of balance, you would be ill.
Based on careful observation
Doctors still have to swear under the Hippocratic oath, Not to wilfully harm their patients. \n Galen: Had the theory of opposites, Had the first theory of arteries (by dissection) *1
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Galen’s Bodily Beliefs:
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Mediaeval Doctor Training:
Study for 7 years.
Didn’t have to meet any patients whilst studying.
Studied Galen and Hippocrates (mediaeval europe) and textbooks ‘Compendium Medicine’ by Gilbert eagle.
Used Mediaeval Urine chart (Natural);
Urine chart showed the colour, smell and thickness of the urine - the doctor may also taste this. Vital in diagnosis and a way to judge if the patients' humours were out of balance
Used Zodiac Chart (Supernatural);
The Zodiac chart told a doctor when and when not to treat each part of the body for the patient - for example when the moon was passing through Pisces,
he should not treat the patient's feet.
Barber/Surgeons:
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Other Options:
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Mediaeval Hospitals:
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Middle Ages Surgery:
Caesarean (c-section)
Purging (balance the four humours)
Barber surgeons amputations
Dental surgery
Trepanning
Anal absesses - treat swelling
Bloodletting
Cataracts
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Three Problems In Surgery:
1: Pain - Anaesthetic
2: Infection - Antiseptic/bacterial
3: Blood Loss - Blood transfusion
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Hugh of Lucca and (his son) Theodric of Lucca:
Some surgeons believed that pus was good and encouraged it
Hugh and Theodric of Lucca said ‘It is not necessary for pus to form in wounds, There can be no greater mistake’
They wrote textbooks to explain the benefits of getting rid of pus using wine and honey in wounds
Very basic antiseptic
Unfortunately their ideas went against hippocratic advice and they were not popular
\n Guy De Chauliac:
Wrote a textbook ‘Great Surgery’
Dominated English and French surgical knowledge for 200 years
Contained references to Greek and Islamic writers
He quoted Galen 890 times
Didn’t agree with Theodoric of Lucca’s ideas
Wrote in detail about his opinion in the book, a main reason Lucca’s ideas did not catch on
\n John of Arderne:
Most famous surgeon in mediaeval England
Wrote a surgical manual ‘Practica’ which contained illustrations of his operations and the instruments he used
Based on Greek and Arab knowledge and his experience with war
Used Opium to help with pain
Charged a large fee for operations he developed to treat abscess
Created Guild of Surgeons in 1368 - Separated from barber surgeons
\n Frugardi:
Wrote the book ‘The practice of Surgery’ (1180)
Widely used in Europe
Warned against trappaning
Tried ambitious operations on the chest
Attempted to remove bladder stones
\n Mondino:
In 1315, a public dissection was allowed in Bologna, supervised by Modino de Luzzi
Wrote a book called ‘Anathomia’ which became the standard dissection manual for over 200 years
Dissections were introduced in most European universities to train doctors and show that Galen was correct
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Christianity Influence:
Doom paintings - remind people what would happen to them if they sinned during their life
Pilgrimage - A long journey to repent for sinning, to a holy place
Flagellating - Whipping (yourself) for sins
Pope - Head of the Catholic church, ‘god's representative on earth’
Knowledge of anatomy in the mediaeval times were so restricted because in 1306, the pope banned human dissection. Nonpermissible dissection was punishable by death, halting most scientific interest in the human body.
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