ans 214L practical 2

arth-, arthr

arth-, arthr

joint

carpus

wrist

chondr-

cartilage

-clast

to break

cost-

ribs

myel-

bone marrow

oss-, osteo-

bone

syn-

union

tarsus

ankle

osteology

the study of bones

portion of organic (ossien) bone

1/3 of the bone

portion of inorganic (tricalcium phosphate) bone

2/3 of the bone

exoskeleton

• hard, outer skeleton that is outside of the body

• found in arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) and in mollusks with shells (clams and snails)

endoskeleton

• this is a skeleton embedded within the muscle

• domestic animals contain this type of skeleton

axial skeleton

• consists of the bones of the skull, ribs (costae), vertebrae, and sternum

• these parts are not highly mobile and serve to protect major organs

appendicular skeleton

• consists of bones of the appendages or limbs, including wings, tails, legs, and arms

• these parts aid in motion of the organism

heterotrophic bones

• also known as splanchnic or visceral bones

• bones embedded in the organs

• some of these do not serve a function at this point

os rostrale

bones in the snout of the pig

ossa cordis

bones in the heart of cattle, sheep, and goats

os phrenic

bone in the diaphragm of camels

ossa penis

bones in the penis of carnivores (dogs and cats) and rodents

scleral rings

round bones found on the eyes of birds

hyoid apparatus

found in the tongue of avians and mammals

ossa

plural for os

epiphysis

the 2 ends of long bone

diaphysis

the shaft of long bone

origin

the end of the muscle that is attached to a stationary part of the bone

insertion

the end of the muscle that is attached to a mobile section of bone

tendons

attach muscles to bone

ligaments

attach bone to bone

epiphyseal plate

a growth region of cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis (active growth)

epiphyseal line

line formed in the bone when growth has ended, remnant of the epiphyseal plate

endosteum

membrane lining the medullary cavity

periosteum

• membrane covering the outer surface of the bone composed of connective tissue

• bone itself does not have nerves; the periosteum is full of nerve and is what causes pain when the bone breaks

medullary cavity

hollow area in the center of the bone where bone marrow is located, the bone marrow produces blood cells

diploe

spongy bone and is also known as cancellous bone

compact bone

dense, hard layer of bone

yellow bone marrow

composed of adipocytes and stem cells

red bone marrow

gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells

long bone

• dumb-bell shaped, wide, expanded ends, narrow, cylindrical midsection

• ex- bones of the limbs, except for the ankle and wrist bones in humans and analogous bones in livestock and the patella

• long bones aid in movement and carry the weight of the body

• ex- femur, fibula, and tibia

flat bone

• flat in 2 dimensions, thin and curved, mostly dipole surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

• primarily function is to provide protection to vital organs

• ex- most skulls bones, the scapulae, sternum, costae, and the os coxae (ischium, ilium, and pubis%

short bone

• round or cubicle in shape

• these bones reduce friction and concussion

• ex- human wrist and ankle, knee and tarsal, and carpals

irregular bone

bones of vertebral column

sesamoid bones

• bones that form in tendons and aid in the movement

• ex- patella

pneumatic bone

• bones that contain spaces filled with air

• these spaces can serve numerous functions, in birds the hollow bones allow for flight due to reduced weight, and in mammals, the sinus cavities help warm and condition air as it is inspired

• air pockets/spaces/cavities- birds have open respiratory systems meaning that inspired air moves through their bones, not just their lungs

• excavation in the skull- paranasal sinuses, frontal sinuses, maxillary sinuses

joints

• points at which 2 or more bones meet

• this area is lined with cartilage which provides cushion and smooth movement

• not all joints function in the same manner

fibrous/immovable joint

• bones in this joint do not move

• they may overlap or interlock and are held together by fibers

cartilaginous/slightly moveable joint

• allows for some movement

• bones are held together by ligaments and padded with cartilage

synovial/freely moving joint

• largest group of joints in the body

• they have a wide range of motion

immovable joint movement

• non mobile

• joints found in the skull

hinge joint movement

• extension and flexion

• elbow or knee

pivot joint movement

• rotation of one bone around another

• joint just below the skull between C1 and C2

ball-and-socket joint movement

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation, this includes the shoulder (human) and hip joints (mammal)

condyloid joint movement

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, found in the wrist and foot

gliding joint movement

allows for smooth gliding motions, found in the wrist and vertebrae

saddle joint movement

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, found in the thumb

fibula

• in latin or greek refers to a brooch

• the fibula bone is named this because it functions to hang muscle, much like a fibula brooch would hang a toga

bones in early life

• are not solid

• are first cartilage tissue then they ossify into hard and strong bones

calcium and phosphorus diet of animals

• is very important for bone health

• when there is a deficiency in of calcium in the diet, the body will pull calcium from the bone to make up for the lack of it in the diet

-algia

pain

-lysis

breakdown

macro-

large

micro-

small

-pathy

disease

-penia

lack

-phagia

to eat

pre-

before

beak

• function in prehension

• shape and size of this will vary among species and this has a lot to do with diet

mouth

• entrance to gastrointestinal tract

• birds do not have teeth

palatine cleft

passage between oral and nasal; cavities

oropharynx

• the combine oral and pharyngeal space

• there is no sharp distinction between mouth and pharynx in the bird

• pharyngeal space is a joint are for digestive and respiratory tract

toungue

• aids in taste

• flat, and triangular in shape with papillae that point towards the back of the mouth

• ensures that food goes away only in one direction

infundibular cleft

• common opening of the eustachian tubes (canals extending from the middle ear that control pressure within the middle ear)

• in avians this is continuously open to permit pressure equalization during flight

laryngeal cleft

opening into larynx that closes to block food from going into the larynx

salivary glands

• secrete mucin, bicarbonate, and water

• chickens and turkeys do not produce salivary amylase

larynx

• transports air from oropharynx to trachea

• birds do nor have vocal cords in the larynx

trachea

transports air from larynx to bronchi

esophogus

• thin-walled distensible tube with small amount of muscle compared to mammals

• passageway for feedstuffs from the oropharynx to crop, and then from the crop to proventriculus

syrinx

• responsible for vocalization in birds

• this is a Y-shaped organ at the base of the trachea

• vocalization is produced by syringeal muscles, tympanic membranes, and the clavicular air sac

infundibular cleft

• common opening of the eustachian tubes

• the eustachian tubes are canals that extend from the middle ear

• this remains open continuously to permit pressure equalization in flight

crop

organ for the storage and the moistening of ingested feed

chicken heart

birds have a 4 chambered heart

chicken liver

similar functions as in mammals, process nutrients; produces bile

chicken gallbladder

stores bile

chicken spleen

• part of the immune system; lymphocyte production

• recycles red blood cells

• more round in shape as compared to mammalian spleens which are flat

chicken proventriculus

• the glandular stomach of a chicken

• functions similarly to the mammalian stomach (secretion of pepsinogen, HCL, mucous, and gastrin)

chicken ventriculus/gizzard

• muscular organ responsible for grinding feed

• ingested rocks and pebbles lodge here where they function similarly to teeth

chicken small intestine

• functions similarly to the mammalian small intestine and is divided into the same 3 sections

• does not produce lactase

duodenum

• the first section of the small intestine and the
  shortest

• receives bile and pancreatic secretions in addition to receiving ingesta from the ventriculus

• initiates intestinal digestion of protein and starch

jejunum

• middle portion of the small intestine is usually the longest

• its proportion of the small intestine varies with the species

• digestion of protein and carbohydrates is fairly complete here

• absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, calcium, and iron occurs here

ileum

• last section of the small intestine

• absorption of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12 occurs here

• connects to the large intestine

• a constriction at this point called the ileocecal valve regulates the flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine

meckel’s diverticulum

• yolk stalk remnant

• marks the juncture of the jejunum and ileum

• part of the immune system

• lymphocyte production

ceca

• chickens have two ceca

• microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs here

• absorption of fermentation products such as volatile
  fatty acids and vitamins as well as water occur here

• birds do not have an appendix

• avians have TWO ceca (hence why it is the plural form of cecum)

colon

• the colon is very short in the bird

• absorption of fermentation products from the cecum such as volatile fatty acids and vitamins as well as water occurs here

• fermentation, if any, is limited

• urine is stored here prior to excretion

ileocecal junction

the point at which the ilium and the ceca meet

cloaca

the juncture of the ureters, colon, and reproductive system in birds

hepatic portal system

• collects nutrients absorbed from digested tract

• transports these directly to the liver

mesentery

the folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine

bursa of fabricius

• located dorsal to the cloaca and easily found in chicks but regresses by sexual maturity

• responsible for the production of B-lymphocytes

kidneys

• lobulated in birds

• located in the synsacral cavity

• the synsacrum is the fused ischium and ilium