Physics

Which of the following will degrade the display of color Doppler information on the image?

Increased sample size

Which type of resolution improves with decreased image sector size?

Temporal

Frequencies used in TTE imaging are usually in the range of?

2.5 - 4 MHz

Frequencies used in TEE imaging are usually in the range of?

5 - 7 MHz

What acoustic phenomenon causes the abnormal appearance of the LV?

Refraction

Why can’t TEE probes be thermally sterilized?

If the probe is heated above the Curie temperature the PZT properties will be lost

Doppler shift ____ to the blood flow velocity

Directly proportional

Increased overall gain levels on an ultrasound exam can cause?

Underestimation of valve area on planimetry

On the ROI on a 3D system the x-axis represents?

Width of the box

On the ROI on a 3D system the y-axis represents?

Height of the box

How do you correct beam width artifact on a Doppler tracing?

Use a smaller sample size

Which of the following describes a purpose for applying acoustic gel to the face of the transducer?

To reduce the difference in impedance between the matching layer and the skin

The standard sector width for TTE is?

60 degrees

Why is the temperature of the TEE probe monitored?

If the PE element is heated over 40 degrees celsius it would cause damage to the tissues of the esophagus/stomach

Which of the following correctly describes the calibration procedure for the ultrasound display motion?

Adjust brightness and contrast levels until the first block on the color bar blends into the overall screen color

Which of the following controls adjusts the number of shades of gray displayed on the 2D image?

Dynamic range

What Doppler artifact is demonstrated on the image?

Beam width

Which operator control can be used to adjust the image contrast?

Dynamic range

____ adjusts the brightness of the entire image

Overall gain

____ adjusts the brightness of specific portions of the image

TGCs

Which of the following is a potential cause for the abnormal swirling appearance of the UEA on the video?

Low MI settings

If you increase the power output on the machine?

Beam intensity and beam penetration increases

Increased overall gain levels on an ultrasound exam can cause?

Underestimation of valve area on planimetry

While performing a Doppler evaluation of the AV, a significant amount of wall motion artifact is displayed on the Doppler tracing. How can you eliminate the appearance of the artifactual information on the Doppler tracing while maintaining accurate display of the aortic waveform?

Increase the high pass filter settings

Which of the following controls adjusts the number of shades of gray displayed on the 2D image?

Dynamic range

You suspect a calcification is present within the LV. You activate harmonics and add a focal zone to the field of view. Which type of resolution will degrade with these changes?

Temporal

No flow is detected across the septum in the subcostal view when evaluating an adult patient with a known ASD. Which of the following could explain the lack of flow displayed across the defect?

Color Doppler PRF is set too high

What effect will a MI of 1.0 have on an echo exam with UEA?

The increased beam intensity will burst the UEA bubbles quickly

What system control can reduce the appearance of clutter on a color Doppler image?

Decreasing color priority

How would you correct the issue with the Doppler tracing?

Increase the PRF

The interference of reflected sound waves is necessary for image creation in what technique?

Speckle tracking

TEE transducers are considered ____ devices that should be disinfected using ____

Semi-critical and high level disinfectant

Which of the following controls adjusts the number of shades of gray displayed on the 2D image?

Dynamic range

Which operator control can be used to adjust the image contrast?

Dynamic range

Which of the following is related to degraded axial resolution on the image?

Decrease in probe frequency

Which operator control can be used to adjust the image contrast?

Dynamic range

3D surface rendering is preferred for evaluating?

Valve characteristics

3D volume rendering is preferred for evaluating?

Segmental wall motion

While scanning an echo, you change the gray map to a new choice and continue to scan. This would be termed a change in?

Preprocessing

Adjustment of which of the following imaging controls would be best to assist in improving visualization of the descending AO posterior to the LA on an obese patient?

Move focal zone to the level of AO

Which of the following is most commonly associated with a false positive diagnosis of a vegetation on the native AV?

Beam width

What type of magnification provides the highest frame rate and best image resolution?

Preprocessing

A high frame rate (> 30 frames per second) is preferred for cardiac imaging?

For accurate display of cardiac motion

What is the best way to reduce or eliminate clutter and cross talk on a Doppler tracing?

Increase the wall filter

How can a sonographer correct for blossoming on a spectral Doppler display?

Turn the Doppler gain down

Which operator control can be used to adjust the image contrast?

Dynamic range

While scanning an echo, you change the gray map to a new choice and continue to scan. This would be termed a change in?

Preprocessing

Which of the following is related to degraded axial resolution on the image?

Decrease in probe frequency

Which of the following adjustments will improve temporal resolution on color Doppler?

Decrease sample size

What is the best way to reduce or eliminate clutter and cross talk on a Doppler tracing?

Increase the wall filter

Which of the following cardiac exam techniques provides the best spatial resolution of the cardiac structures?

TEE

Which of the following will aid in visualization of the endocardium?

Increased transducer frequency

Which acoustic property causes the echogenic appearance of the pericardium related to surrounding structures?

Specular reflection

Which artifact is caused by non-specular reflections from a rough surface and wave interference?

Speckle

What refers to shadowing caused by mechanical prosthetic valve apparatus that inhibits flow display on a color Doppler image?

Masking

Which of the following technical factors can negatively affect the 2D planimetry evaluation of the MV?

Lateral resolution and gain settings

What color Doppler artifact is demonstrated on the image?

Flash

Which of the following will improve the lateral resolution on the image?

Increase the focal zone number

Aliasing occurs when the Doppler shift?

Exceeds ½ the PRF

Which of the following adjustments would improve the appearance of an UEA on the echo image?

Decrease output power

On an apical four chamber view, if you move the color Doppler sample box from the mitral level to the pulmonary veins

Frame rate decreases