biology test 1

what is the endosymbiotic theory and what are the proofs of it?

the theory that states how eukaryotic cells were formed. It is proven because mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA

what organelles are unique to animal cells?

centrosomes and lysosomes

what organelles are unique to plant cells?

chloroplast, cell wall, vacoule

why do functional groups affect the properties of macromolecules?

Functional groups affect the bonds that hold a macromolecule together and determines the shapes of the macromolecules

what level of organization is this?

tertiary protein structure- when the certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets

what level of organization is this?

quaternary protein structure- a protein consisting of more than 1 animo acid chain

what level of organization is this?

secondary protein structure- when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

what level of organization is this?

primary protein structure- a sequence of chained amino acids

what is the organization of biology?

atom ➡ molecule ➡ organelle ➡ cell ➡ tissue ➡ organ ➡ organ system ➡ organism ➡ population ➡ community ➡ ecosystem ➡ biosphere

what is the type of microorganism are not considered living and why?

Viruses because they need a host to live

what are the 3 tenents of cell theory?

1. cell is the basic unit of life

2. all cells come from other cells

3. all living things are made of cells

what is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

prokaryotes lack organelles while eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles

deductive reasoning is ___

general to specific

inductive reasoning is ___

specific to general

isotopes are atoms of the same element but differ in the number of?

Neutrons

Covalent bonds ___

SHARE electrons

ionic bonds ____

transfer of electrons

Organic compounds MUST contain ____

carbon

what are the chemical components / elements of the 4 macromolecules

CHO (carbs and lipids) ,CHON with a little bit of S (proteins), CHONP (nucleic acid)

what type of bonds are used in secondary protein structures

Hydrogen bonds

what type of bonds are used in primary protein structures

peptide bonds

Domain is ____

the structural and functional unit of the protein

what are the different functions of proteins?

enzyme catalysis, defence, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage

what is a triglyceride composed of?

what is the phospholipid layer composed of?

2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate

(hydrophobic tails, hydrophillic head)

What type of bond do unsaturated fatty acids have?

double bond

what type of bond do saturated fatty acids have?

single bond

where is cellulose located?

cell walls of plants, along with chitin

how many types of amino acids are there?

20 types

the movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a membrane is?

osmosis

animal cell walls are composed of:

1. cellulose

2. chitin

3. peptidoglycan

4. glucomannin

5. none of the above

none of the above! animals dont have a cell wall

blocking ribosomes prevents ____

protein assembly

what biomolecules contain peptide bonds?

proteins

the removal of water to form a chemical bond is called ____

dehydration synthesis

what type of amino acids would you expect to find in the transmembrane protein of a membrane protein

non polar amino acids

phospholipids are synthesized in the ____

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

how would you determine if cells are prokaryotic?

presence of a nucleus

true or false:

DNA bonds together through hydrogen bonds

true

how is the sodium potassium pump able to move ions against their concentration gradients?

expending ATP since its active transport

a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, which way will the water move? (water moves from high concentrations to low)

out of the cell

what is the process of the scientific method

observation, hypthesis, experiment, conclusion, theory

what are the characteristics and definitions of living organisms?

organization- cellular and ordered complexity

sensitivity- responds to stimuli

growth, development, reproduction- mitosis, sexual and asexual reproduction

energy utilization- producers, consumers, decomposers

homeostasis- maintain constant internal conditions

evolutionary adaptation- adapting to enviornment

what are taxonomy domains?

how animals are classified

what are the 3 main domains?

Archea, bacteria, and eukarya

what are ions?

charged particles with an unequal number of electrons to protons

What are cations?

atoms with MORE protons than electrons (net positive charge)

What are anions?

atoms with FEWER protons than electrons (net negative charge)

what are covalent bonds?

The sharing of electrons between elements

what are the two types of covalent bonds?

Nonpolar covalent bonds & polar covalent bonds

Nonpolar covalent bonds have

EQUAL sharing of electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds have

UNEQUAL sharing of electrons

Ionic bonds ___

transfer of electrons

Electronegativity

an atoms affinity for electrons , difference in this dictates how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds

what are the properties of water?

1. high specific heat

2. high heat of vaporization

3. polar solvent properties

4. reactivity

5. organization (think hydrophilic and hydrophobic)

6. water can form ions

acids are

proton DONORS, they produce H+ in the solution

Bases are

proton ACCEPTORS, they produce OH-

motifs are ___

common elements of secondary structured proteins that are used to determine the function of the unknown protein

what is the function of the nucleus?

controlls the overall activity of the cell

what is the function of the plasma membrane

its a semi permeable phospholipid bilayer

what is the cytoplasm composed of

cytosol, salts, and organic material

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

holds the cell together

what is the function of the nuclear envelope

allows mRNA and proteins to move in the nucleus

what is the function of the nucleolus

produces and assembles the cells ribosomes

what is the function of the ribosomes

protein synthesis

what is the function of the rough ER

protein synthesis

what is the function of the smooth ER

lipid synthesis

what is the function of the mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

what is the function of the chloroplast

energy producing organelle in plants and eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis

what is the function of the golgi body

packages proteins and lipids

an acid with a pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than an acid with a pH of 6?

1000 times

the building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called

nucleotides

the main characteristic that all lipids have in common is that?

they do not dissolve in water

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolosis

A dehydration synthesis reaction is the process in which ?

Water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers

The flow of genetic information in a cell, proceeds in what direction?

DNA -> RNA -> Amino acids

What is the main reason for cells being relatively small sized?

Surface area advantage to exchange material across plasma membrane

Plasmodesmata in plants and gap junctions in animals are functionally similar in that?

They form channels between cells that allow diffusion of small molecules