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The skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D.
True
Which of the following is not a sensation that the skin reacts to?
Blood glucose levels
1) The skin does not include the __________.
Hypodermis
Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch?
Tactile cells
Which cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?
Dendritic cells
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
The __________ is absent from most areas of the epidermis on the body.
Stratum lucidum
Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of __________ fibers.
Reticular; collagen
The cause of skin discoloration that most likely suggests physical abuse is __________.
hematoma
Which pigment causes the reddish color of the lips?
Hemoglobin
Which skin color is most likely to result from anemia?
Pallor
Which skin discoloration is caused by bilirubin?
Jaundice
Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by which of the following?
The quantity and tone of melanin produced
Each hair grows in an diagonal tube called a(n) __________.
Hair follicle
Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of __________.
Eumelanin and pheomelanin
Hair grows by __________ in the hair __________.
Mitosis; matrix
Contraction of the arrector muscles causes __________.
Hairs to stand upright
What is the narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail called?
Cuticle
Most sweat glands are called __________ glands.
Eccrine
The __________ glands are a source of sex pheromones.
Apocrine
Holocrine glands that keep the skin and hair from getting dry and brittle are called ____________ glands.
Sebaceous
____________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal.
Cerumen
The skeleton stores __________ and __________, but not ___________.
Calcium; phosphate; blood cells
What are the two regions of cartilage in a growing long bone?
Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
What are the distal and proximal portions at each end of a typical long bone called?
Epiphyses
A bone is covered externally with a sheath called the __________, whereas the internal surface is lined by the __________.
Periosteum; endosteum
What fatty substance would you find dominating the medullary cavity of an adult humerus?
Yellow bone marrow
The cells that deposit bone matrix are called __________.
Osteoblasts
Where are trabeculae found?
Spongy bone
__________ gives bone the ability to resist compression, whereas __________ resists tension.
Minerals; collagen
__________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.
Central canals
which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the skull
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage
Achondroplasia is a condition that causes a decrease in the cell division of the epiphyseal plate during adolescence and childhood. The most obvious sign of this condition is __________.
Shorter than average long bones
Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?
Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.
Long bones get longer by way of __________.
Cartilage growth
_____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.
Resorption
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does all of the following except __________.
Lower blood calcium
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________ activity.
Parathyroid hormone; osteoclastic
The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood that are too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.
Rickets; osteomalacia
What is a rounded knob that articulates with another bone called?
Condyle
Any bony prominence is called a(n) __________.
Process
What is a hole through a bone that usually allows passage for nerves and blood vessels called?
Foramen
What is the average number of bones in the adult skeleton?
206
All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton except the __________.
Scapula
Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?
Ethmoid
Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called __________.
Sutures
The __________ are not facial bones.
Parietal bones
Which suture separates the left and right parietal bones?
Sagittal
Which abnormal curvature of the spine would cause one shoulder or one hip to be higher than the other?
Scoliosis
The __________ is a bone of the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ is a bone of the pectoral girdle.
sternum; clavicle
The seventh rib is classified as a __________ rib
true..
Costal cartilages connect the __________ to the __________.
true ribs; sternum
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone that forms within a tendon in response to stress.
The __________ does not belong to the pectoral girdle
sacrum
The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________.
scapula; humerus
Which of the following is not a carpal?
Talus
When an infant is born, she passes through the __________ first, then the ___________.
pelvic inlet; pelvic outlet
The acetabulum articulates with the __________.
femur
When one sits down on a chair, the part of the hip bone touching the chair is most likely the ___________.
ischial tuberosities
Which of the following is true regarding the male and female pelves?
The female pelvis has a more oval pelvic inlet.
Which of the following is not a major class of joints?
Elastic
Unlike other joints, a __________ does not join two bones to each other.
gomphosis
What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?
They are all fibrous joints.
The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called _______
arthrology
What are the most movable joints?
Synovial
Which of the following is not part of a synovial joint?
An interosseous membrane
Which of the following is an example of a multiaxial joint?
The humeroscapular joint.
When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.
extend
When you hold your hands out in front of you with the palms up, __________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you.
flexion
Raising the arms to each side of the body to form the letter "T" is an example of __________ of the shoulders.
abduction
Normal chewing in humans involves ___________ of the mandible.
elevation and depression
Drawing your fingers together so you "cup" your hand to hold water requires __________.
adduction of the fingers
Pulling your thigh back as if you're preparing to kick a ball is __________ of the hip.
extension
If you stand on tiptoe to reach something high up, you are performing __________ at the ankle.
plantar flexion
Holding your upper limb straight out and drawing a circle on a canvas is ____________ of the shoulder
circumduction
The hinge joint at the elbow is capable of which of the following movements?
Flexion and extension
moving the soles of your feet medially so they are facing each other is called __________, whereas moving them laterally, away from each other is called __________.
inversion; eversion
What is a side effect of the shoulder's mobility?
Susceptibility to dislocations
What is the largest and most complex synovial joint in the body?
The knee
The agents of communication in the nervous system are __________.
nerves
The function of the nervous system that is charged with determining a reasonable and appropriate response to a stimulus is the __________ function.
integrative
The __________ function of the nervous system includes stimulating glands to secrete and muscles to contract
motor
The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the __________ nervous system.
central
The stimulus that causes the quadriceps femoris to contract and extend the knee is part of the ___________ nervous system
peripheral
__________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
Afferent; efferent
The pieces of exposed axon in between the myelin sheaths are called ___________.
nodes of Ranvier
The __________ are at the most distal end of a neuron.
axon terminals
Neurons cannot typically ___________.
undergo cell division
The myelin sheath in the PNS is formed by ___________.
Schwann cells
The layers of the plasma membrane of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes that cover axons is called the __________.
myelin sheath
The presence of ___________ is the key difference between gray and white matter.
myelin
At rest, the difference in charge on the outside of a plasma membrane versus the inside is called the cell's __________.
resting membrane potential
In order for the cell to maintain the resting membrane potential, __________ is required.
ATP
Opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________
depolarization of the plasma membrane
Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize?
Opening of potassium channels only
the specific membrane potential voltage that opens the voltage-gated sodium ion channels in a neuron is called the __________.
threshold
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, we say the cell is _________.
repolarizing
During the __________, the neuron cannot be stimulated.
refractory period
Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a __________.
large myelinated fiber