anatomy midterm₊̣̇.ෆ˟̑*̑ ʚ♡⃛ɞ*̑˟̑ෆ.₊̣̇. 

The skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D.

True

Which of the following is not a sensation that the skin reacts to?

Blood glucose levels

1)     The skin does not include the __________.

Hypodermis

Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch?

Tactile cells

  Which cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?

Dendritic cells

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

The __________ is absent from most areas of the epidermis on the body.

Stratum lucidum

Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of __________ fibers.

Reticular; collagen

The cause of skin discoloration that most likely suggests physical abuse is __________.

hematoma

Which pigment causes the reddish color of the lips?

Hemoglobin

Which skin color is most likely to result from anemia?

Pallor

Which skin discoloration is caused by bilirubin?

Jaundice

Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by which of the following?

The quantity and tone of melanin produced

Each hair grows in an diagonal tube called a(n) __________.

Hair follicle

Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of __________.

Eumelanin and pheomelanin

Hair grows by __________ in the hair __________.

Mitosis; matrix

Contraction of the arrector muscles causes __________.

Hairs to stand upright

What is the narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail called?

Cuticle

Most sweat glands are called __________ glands.

Eccrine

The __________ glands are a source of sex pheromones.

Apocrine

Holocrine glands that keep the skin and hair from getting dry and brittle are called ____________ glands.

Sebaceous

  ____________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal.

Cerumen

The skeleton stores __________ and __________, but not ___________.

Calcium; phosphate; blood cells

What are the two regions of cartilage in a growing long bone?

Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

What are the distal and proximal portions at each end of a typical long bone called?

Epiphyses

A bone is covered externally with a sheath called the __________, whereas the internal surface is lined by the __________.

Periosteum; endosteum

What fatty substance would you find dominating the medullary cavity of an adult humerus?

Yellow bone marrow

The cells that deposit bone matrix are called __________.

Osteoblasts

Where are trabeculae found?

Spongy bone

  __________ gives bone the ability to resist compression, whereas __________ resists tension.

Minerals; collagen

__________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.

Central canals

which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones of the skull

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.

Hyaline cartilage

Achondroplasia is a condition that causes a decrease in the cell division of the epiphyseal plate during adolescence and childhood. The most obvious sign of this condition is __________.

Shorter than average long bones

Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.

Long bones get longer by way of __________.

Cartilage growth

  _____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.

Resorption

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does all of the following except __________.

Lower blood calcium

Blood Ca²⁺ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________ activity.

Parathyroid hormone; osteoclastic

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood that are too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.

Rickets; osteomalacia

What is a rounded knob that articulates with another bone called?

Condyle

Any bony prominence is called a(n) __________.

Process

What is a hole through a bone that usually allows passage for nerves and blood vessels called?

Foramen

What is the average number of bones in the adult skeleton?

206

All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton except the __________.

Scapula

Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Ethmoid

Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called __________.

Sutures

The __________ are not facial bones.

Parietal bones

Which suture separates the left and right parietal bones?

Sagittal

Which abnormal curvature of the spine would cause one shoulder or one hip to be higher than the other?

Scoliosis

The __________ is a bone of the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ is a bone of the pectoral girdle.

sternum; clavicle

The seventh rib is classified as a __________ rib

true..

Costal cartilages connect the __________ to the __________.

true ribs; sternum

What is a sesamoid bone?

A bone that forms within a tendon in response to stress.

The __________ does not belong to the pectoral girdle

sacrum

  The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________.

scapula; humerus

Which of the following is not a carpal?

Talus

When an infant is born, she passes through the __________ first, then the ___________.

pelvic inlet; pelvic outlet

The acetabulum articulates with the __________.

femur

When one sits down on a chair, the part of the hip bone touching the chair is most likely the ___________.

ischial tuberosities

Which of the following is true regarding the male and female pelves?

The female pelvis has a more oval pelvic inlet.

Which of the following is not a major class of joints?

Elastic

Unlike other  joints, a __________ does not join two bones to each other.

gomphosis

What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?

They are all fibrous joints.

The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called _______

arthrology

What are the most movable joints?

Synovial

Which of the following is not part of a synovial joint?

An interosseous membrane

Which of the following is an example of a multiaxial joint?

The humeroscapular joint.

When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.

extend

When you hold your hands out in front of you with the palms up, __________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you.

flexion

Raising the arms to each side of the body to form the letter "T" is an example of __________ of the shoulders.

abduction

Normal chewing in humans involves ___________ of the mandible.

elevation and depression

Drawing your fingers together so you "cup" your hand to hold water requires __________.

adduction of the fingers

Pulling your thigh back as if you're preparing to kick a ball is __________ of the hip.

extension

If you stand on tiptoe to reach something high up, you are performing __________ at the ankle.

plantar flexion

Holding your upper limb straight out and drawing a circle on a canvas is ____________ of the shoulder

circumduction

The hinge joint at the elbow is capable of which of the following movements?

Flexion and extension

moving the soles of your feet medially so they are facing each other is called __________, whereas moving them laterally, away from each other is called __________.

inversion; eversion

What is a side effect of the shoulder's mobility?

Susceptibility to dislocations

What is the largest and most complex synovial joint in the body?

The knee

The agents of communication in the nervous system are __________.

nerves

The function of the nervous system that is charged with determining a reasonable and appropriate response to a stimulus is the __________ function.

integrative

The __________ function of the nervous system includes stimulating glands to secrete and muscles to contract

motor

The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the __________ nervous system.

central

The stimulus that causes the quadriceps femoris to contract and extend the knee is part of the ___________ nervous system

peripheral

  __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.

Afferent; efferent

  The pieces of exposed axon in between the myelin sheaths are called ___________.

nodes of Ranvier

The __________ are at the most distal end of a neuron.

axon terminals

Neurons cannot typically ___________.

undergo cell division

The myelin sheath in the PNS is formed by ___________.

Schwann cells

The layers of the plasma membrane of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes that cover axons is called the __________.

myelin sheath

The presence of ___________ is the key difference between gray and white matter.

myelin

 At rest, the difference in charge on the outside of a plasma membrane versus the inside is called the cell's __________.

resting membrane potential

In order for the cell to maintain the resting membrane potential, __________ is required.

ATP

Opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________

depolarization of the plasma membrane

Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize?

Opening of potassium channels only

the specific membrane potential voltage that opens the voltage-gated sodium ion channels in a neuron is called the __________.

threshold

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, we say the cell is _________.

repolarizing

During the __________, the neuron cannot be stimulated.

refractory period

Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a __________.

large myelinated fiber