anatomy midterm₊̣̇.ෆ˟̑*̑ ʚ♡⃛ɞ*̑˟̑ෆ.₊̣̇. 

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115 Terms

1
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The skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D.

True

2
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Which of the following is not a sensation that the skin reacts to?

Blood glucose levels

3
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1)     The skin does not include the __________.

Hypodermis

4
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Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch?

Tactile cells

5
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  Which cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?

Dendritic cells

6
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What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

7
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The __________ is absent from most areas of the epidermis on the body.

Stratum lucidum

8
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Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of __________ fibers.

Reticular; collagen

9
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The cause of skin discoloration that most likely suggests physical abuse is __________.

hematoma

10
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Which pigment causes the reddish color of the lips?

Hemoglobin

11
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Which skin color is most likely to result from anemia?

Pallor

12
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Which skin discoloration is caused by bilirubin?

Jaundice

13
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Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by which of the following?

The quantity and tone of melanin produced

14
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Each hair grows in an diagonal tube called a(n) __________.

Hair follicle

15
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Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of __________.

Eumelanin and pheomelanin

16
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Hair grows by __________ in the hair __________.

Mitosis; matrix

17
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Contraction of the arrector muscles causes __________.

Hairs to stand upright

18
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What is the narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail called?

Cuticle

19
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Most sweat glands are called __________ glands.

Eccrine

20
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The __________ glands are a source of sex pheromones.

Apocrine

21
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Holocrine glands that keep the skin and hair from getting dry and brittle are called ____________ glands.

Sebaceous

22
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  ____________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal.

Cerumen

23
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The skeleton stores __________ and __________, but not ___________.

Calcium; phosphate; blood cells

24
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What are the two regions of cartilage in a growing long bone?

Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

25
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What are the distal and proximal portions at each end of a typical long bone called?

Epiphyses

26
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A bone is covered externally with a sheath called the __________, whereas the internal surface is lined by the __________.

Periosteum; endosteum

27
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What fatty substance would you find dominating the medullary cavity of an adult humerus?

Yellow bone marrow

28
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The cells that deposit bone matrix are called __________.

Osteoblasts

29
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Where are trabeculae found?

Spongy bone

30
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  __________ gives bone the ability to resist compression, whereas __________ resists tension.

Minerals; collagen

31
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__________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.

Central canals

32
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which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones of the skull

33
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In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.

Hyaline cartilage

34
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Achondroplasia is a condition that causes a decrease in the cell division of the epiphyseal plate during adolescence and childhood. The most obvious sign of this condition is __________.

Shorter than average long bones

35
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Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.

36
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Long bones get longer by way of __________.

Cartilage growth

37
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  _____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.

Resorption

38
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does all of the following except __________.

Lower blood calcium

39
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Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________ activity.

Parathyroid hormone; osteoclastic

40
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The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood that are too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.

Rickets; osteomalacia

41
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What is a rounded knob that articulates with another bone called?

Condyle

42
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Any bony prominence is called a(n) __________.

Process

43
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What is a hole through a bone that usually allows passage for nerves and blood vessels called?

Foramen

44
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What is the average number of bones in the adult skeleton?

206

45
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All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton except the __________.

Scapula

46
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Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Ethmoid

47
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Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called __________.

Sutures

48
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The __________ are not facial bones.

Parietal bones

49
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Which suture separates the left and right parietal bones?

Sagittal

50
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Which abnormal curvature of the spine would cause one shoulder or one hip to be higher than the other?

Scoliosis

51
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The __________ is a bone of the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ is a bone of the pectoral girdle.

sternum; clavicle

52
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The seventh rib is classified as a __________ rib

true..

53
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Costal cartilages connect the __________ to the __________.

true ribs; sternum

54
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What is a sesamoid bone?

A bone that forms within a tendon in response to stress.

55
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The __________ does not belong to the pectoral girdle

sacrum

56
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  The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________.

scapula; humerus

57
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Which of the following is not a carpal?

Talus

58
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When an infant is born, she passes through the __________ first, then the ___________.

pelvic inlet; pelvic outlet

59
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The acetabulum articulates with the __________.

femur

60
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When one sits down on a chair, the part of the hip bone touching the chair is most likely the ___________.

ischial tuberosities

61
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Which of the following is true regarding the male and female pelves?

The female pelvis has a more oval pelvic inlet.

62
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Which of the following is not a major class of joints?

Elastic

63
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Unlike other  joints, a __________ does not join two bones to each other.

gomphosis

64
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What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?

They are all fibrous joints.

65
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The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called _______

arthrology

66
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What are the most movable joints?

Synovial

67
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Which of the following is not part of a synovial joint?

An interosseous membrane

68
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Which of the following is an example of a multiaxial joint?

The humeroscapular joint.

69
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When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.

extend

70
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When you hold your hands out in front of you with the palms up, __________ of your wrists will tip your palms toward you.

flexion

71
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Raising the arms to each side of the body to form the letter "T" is an example of __________ of the shoulders.

abduction

72
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Normal chewing in humans involves ___________ of the mandible.

elevation and depression

73
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Drawing your fingers together so you "cup" your hand to hold water requires __________.

adduction of the fingers

74
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Pulling your thigh back as if you're preparing to kick a ball is __________ of the hip.

extension

75
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If you stand on tiptoe to reach something high up, you are performing __________ at the ankle.

plantar flexion

76
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Holding your upper limb straight out and drawing a circle on a canvas is ____________ of the shoulder

circumduction

77
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The hinge joint at the elbow is capable of which of the following movements?

Flexion and extension

78
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moving the soles of your feet medially so they are facing each other is called __________, whereas moving them laterally, away from each other is called __________.

inversion; eversion

79
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What is a side effect of the shoulder's mobility?

Susceptibility to dislocations

80
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What is the largest and most complex synovial joint in the body?

The knee

81
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The agents of communication in the nervous system are __________.

nerves

82
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The function of the nervous system that is charged with determining a reasonable and appropriate response to a stimulus is the __________ function.

integrative

83
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The __________ function of the nervous system includes stimulating glands to secrete and muscles to contract

motor

84
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The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the __________ nervous system.

central

85
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The stimulus that causes the quadriceps femoris to contract and extend the knee is part of the ___________ nervous system

peripheral

86
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  __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.

Afferent; efferent

87
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  The pieces of exposed axon in between the myelin sheaths are called ___________.

nodes of Ranvier

88
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The __________ are at the most distal end of a neuron.

axon terminals

89
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Neurons cannot typically ___________.

undergo cell division

90
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The myelin sheath in the PNS is formed by ___________.

Schwann cells

91
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The layers of the plasma membrane of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes that cover axons is called the __________.

myelin sheath

92
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The presence of ___________ is the key difference between gray and white matter.

myelin

93
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 At rest, the difference in charge on the outside of a plasma membrane versus the inside is called the cell's __________.

resting membrane potential

94
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In order for the cell to maintain the resting membrane potential, __________ is required.

ATP

95
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Opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________

depolarization of the plasma membrane

96
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Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize?

Opening of potassium channels only

97
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the specific membrane potential voltage that opens the voltage-gated sodium ion channels in a neuron is called the __________.

threshold

98
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When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, we say the cell is _________.

repolarizing

99
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During the __________, the neuron cannot be stimulated.

refractory period

100
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Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a __________.

large myelinated fiber