Ap Euro Unit 2

the boyz are back

Dutch Republic (governance)

Limited oligarchical government. House of orange was like we want a monarchy so they became kind of a monarchy. Merchants and land owners were also important.

Characteristics of Dutch cities

Port cities, Very much more diverse than the rest of Europe, a bit capitalistic, very tolerant.

New Banks (amsterdam and eng)

There was a money shortage which forced these governments to create new banks. Created paper money, which promoted loans. In England the bank was separate from the King, so it could provide loans and the country wouldn't go to shit when the King became poor.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Capitalism/Liberal economics

Laissez-Faire government, no monopolies, created by Adam Smith, created a lot less government involvement in the economy which was a new idea for Europe..

cottage industry/putting out system

system of production in which work was controlled by a central agent but conducted by various people in their own homes. less efficient and unreliable, however it was an important step towards industrialization and capitalism.

The Gentry

Wealthy landowning class, not nobles

Elizabethan Poor Laws

laws during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England that address poverty and assistance measures.

commecial revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings. Also wrote Leviathan and supported absolutism. (1588-1679)

Jaques Bossuet

A French bishop and politician. He was a strong believer of absolutism and divine right. He believed that attacking the King was like attacking God himself. Believed the king was only accountable to God

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Intendants

official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

The Fronde

A series of violent uprisings by the nobles during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation. Louis won

Parlement of Paris

The main court of law in France, which competed with members of the court for influence over the king. Members were known as "nobility of the robe," while the hereditary, military-oriented courtiers were "nobility of the sword".

Louis XIV of France

"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes

Edict of Fountainbleu

revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled

Nobility of the Robe

new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Tax farming

Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

Mercantilism in France

Gov controlled economy to benefit state Purpose:gain wealth-more wealth, more power, Imports down, exports up, raised tariffs (tax on incoming goods) so they would buy more in the country and boost sales, money spent on improving roads/communication, making canals, unified internal markets(domestic) limited by internal taxes(tariffs)

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Asiento Agreement

agreement in which Spain gave England the exclusive right to provide African slaves to Spanish colonies for a period of 30 years.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Westernization of Russia

men must have shaved beards, and short cut coats. Western style dances were also promoted there. Also, the capital of Russia was moved west to St. Petersburg, which was important because the Great Northern War was waged by Russia to gain that territory, and made them into a major power.

"Table of Ranks" in Russia

Issued by Peter the Great to draw nobles into state service, it made rank in the bureaucracy or military, not family connections, the determinant of individual's social status

Great Northern War

The Great Northern war started in 1700 because Norway, Saxony, and Russia saw an opportunity to take the swedish empire as it was ruled by young charles XII. It ended in 1721, with a Russian victory giving them access to the baltic sea.

significance of St. Petersburg

Built by peter the great to attract the hoes and get bitches. He did this to westernize Russia

Fredrick William the Great Elector

Created new bureaucracy the "General War Commissariat." Its purpose was to organize the state to provide what their army of professional soldiers required. Made nobles tax exempt and taxed the \**** out of the peasants.

General War Commissariat

the Prussian war commission that levied taxes, oversaw the army, and was used to govern the state

Junkers (yunkers)

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. (nobles)

Charles I of England

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded (L)

Ship Money

an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense. Implemented without parliamentary approval. Charles is a naughty one for that

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Levellers

Disgruntled soldiers in Cromwell's New Model Army who wanted to "level" social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

7 years war

Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Vesalius

This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He put another dent in the idea of humans as a divine creation.

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Newton (issac newton)

Invented calculus, three laws of motion,

Margaret Cavendish

educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Becceria

This Italian philosophe wrote On Crimes and Punishment, which focused on reforms within the criminal justice system including the right to a speedy trial as well as certain punishment to deter future crime.

Fontanelle

Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757) was a French author who wrote about scientific topics. He wrote in a way that more common people could understand, which allowed access to more information for more people. One of his most popular works was Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds) which focused on the earth, sun, moon, and other celestial objects. This was one of the ways that the ideas of the scientific revolution were spread to people who were not scientists.

Cook's Travels

travel book account of his journey to Tahiti New Zealand and Australia; educated Europeans on different cultures and introduced idea of "natural man" who was far happier than many Europeans

French Royal Academy of Sciences

society funded by Louis XIV, which was thought to benefit the king and state and emphasized practical science for new tools and machines

English Royal Scientific Society

Formed by King Charles the 2nd in 1660, the Royal Scientific Society was a collection of English scientists and mathematicians.

Salons

Salons were informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women. These gatherings were really important because they gave intellectuals space outside the royal court and Catholic sponsored universities. They increased the status and influence of women

Coffee Houses

These play a huge role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the ottoman empire to Europe. They are extraordinarily expensive so they are a status symbol where aristos can go and talk about ideology.

Fredrick the Great

King of Prussia who used the military to strengthen the nation's power

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Cathrine the Great

Ruled Russia. Enlightened Despot. She believed in religious tolerance, abolished torcher, and ruled based on Montesquieu and Beccaria's ideas. (Slay)

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Newtonian World Order

A newtonian world order is a world is opperationed to a fixed set of rules. This was important because this made people realize that the world did in fact have a set rules even though they didn't know it yet. The people often relied on higher intellectuals or people higher up then them to come up with those rules.

Empiricism

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Reason

Reason" was the term the philosophes used to describe how they came to their conclusions about the world. Growing in popularity during the Enlightenment, Europeans applied the scientific method to the understanding of all life. It became the universal source of knowledge and truth among Enlightenment thinkers.

Questioning women

The Woman Question was a broad debate throughout Europe regarding the nature of women, their capabilities, and the extent of their education.

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Reasons for population growth (18th c)

The reason for the population growth was not because of increased birth rate, it was because of reduced death rate. The death rate went down because of a stable food supply, new crops, less wars, the end of major plague outbreaks, and the development of the smallpox vaccine.

Reasons for urbanization (18th c)

Urbanization increases across the 18th century. The effects are greater in England and the Netherlands (and then in major population centers like Paris and Berlin). Population growth fueled by and combined with the agricultural revolution and decreased threat of the plague meant there were more people generally and they had less work to do in the countryside so they moved to cities to find new opportunities.

high culture

classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences

Pop culture 18th c

Popular culture across most of Europe remained fairly untouched by Science and the Enlightenment, especially in Eastern Europe (low literacy rates) and Catholic countries like France Spain and Italy (schools controlled by the Jesuits). This created a gap between the elites in society and everyone else which led to a dangerous disconnect between social groups - they stopped interacting and didn't know each other. Which will help explain why when the French revolution comes, it is so radical.

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Causes of the Agricultural Revolution

brought in new crops (including potatoes, corn, turnips, ect.) to European countries. The agricultural revolution also introduced new machinery that cut the time of planting crops significantly and it also introduced the process of selective breeding. This was significant because less people throughout europe found themselves starving and had new varieties of food to eat. Also since the time was cut down for planting crops, more crops are able to be grown then ever before.

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution

Population growth because there was enough food to support more people which in itself gives more opportunities for societies to evolve(more ideas and minds) Population distribution People have to move to where there's space

Enclosure Acts

a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers

Gin Act of 1751

illegal to distill gin in England, increased taxes on the sale of gin. This was a response by Parliament to increased urbanization in England.

seigneurial duties

In France and places east of there, nobles squeezed the peasants for additional funds by turning to their traditional rights and privileges. They called these seigneurial duties. These included paying dues to the noble to grind grain for bread or to use wine presses.

Family Economy

The basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe

Ancien Regime

The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Attack on Bastille

urban workers attacked a royal prison in Paris. They took gunpowder and weapons that were stored there; prisoners were freed. This is now celebrated as a national holiday of revolution and independence.

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789

August 4th Laws

Removed the privilege of the nobility which allowed them to be above the law and gave them unearned privileges.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

Constitution of 1791

all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legasliative Assembly, absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey

San culottes

They were the urban poor; they were the cooks/servants who were paid low wages and were often out of work

Suppression of the Guilds

No more restrictions based on who can enter a guild. These restrictions were abolished during the revolution

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

Women's March on Versailles

On October 5, 1789 an angry mob of Parisian women stormed through Versailles demanding Louis XVI end the nationwide food shortage and that the royal family return to Paris with them.

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Jacobin Clubs

clubs of the radical, revolutionary-advocating Jacobins who were a crucial part of the administration of the Revolution throughout France since their prevalence meant pro-Revolutionary information could be easily spread

The Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.