French exam

Gericault

Wounded Curassier Leaving the Field of Battle

1814

• descriptive title

• solider alone in uniform, on a hill with one hand on the reins, appears to be leading the horse

• the horse is reeling, figure is looking back

• this is not an equestrian portrait, not even a portrait - it is a figure separated from other figures

• the size of the figure, and painting puts it at an honourable heroic scale - quite equal to commissioned work of nobility and royalty

• Gericault is conscription age, was quite wealthy and very likely paid to avoid conscription

  • he is in Paris after the Russian campaign and witnesses the entrance of opposing troupes, signalling a major shift empire to restoration

• was intended to be a pendent painting alongside charging cuirassie

• the work is addressing contemporary ideas

• it is an allegory of defeat and the collapse of the empire

  • prior to this painting, allegories were often used to represent women

• Romanticism

  • interest of the individual - person as representative of a broader category, nature and the forces of nature

  • moody and dynamic

Different mood from neoclassicism

• shows a military official running away from war - what kind of mood are they inciting

Gericault

The Raft of Medusa (a scene of a shipwreck)

1819

• was exhibited at the salon under ‘a scene of a shipwreck’

• Under King Louis 18

• no just a contemporary painting, a specific contemporary painting

• animates a moment from 1816 when a ship (named medusa) was in an accident on its way to Senegal (a colony of france) for a meeting of ambassadors to refine colonies and treaties (1814-15 congress of Vienna is the agreement that gave Senegal back to france)

• slow spread of information and interest made its way to mainland france

• there were 6 life boats, the captain saved himself and senior offices and left everyone else behind.

• 13 days - of 150 people left behind, 15 survived and of those 15, 5 died on route back.

There is a primary source “La Naufrage de la Frigate la Meduse” 1816

• the publication of this book contributed to public sympotary and reparations

How does Gericaults painting connect with these feelings and opinions, and how does he reshape it? presenting the information as real

• he was very interest in portraying things as real, using studies of sick and dead bodies and animals '

• he chose to document debris, fie corpses and 15 survivors

• in the accounts of rescue the figures see the boat of rescue- this is what he chose to depict

• pyramidal composition to help create the drama of the moment

Delacroix

The 28th July 1830: Liberty Leading the People

1830

Historical Context leading to an Uprising:

• During this time France is operating within a constitutional monarchy, under the Charter of 1814 and King Charles X (the constitutional monarchy is made of of the chamber of deputies)

• King Charles dissolves the chamber of deputies, going against the charter, and calls for an election

  • fall less people were royalists than he thought, and he ended up with a majority liberal party in his chamber

  • he saw this as an attack on himself- his agenda had been to return to france and reestablish the Divine right of royalty and decided he could rule by decree

• He decreed in July of 1830 that he would now be ruling by Decree- this was decreed in a four part ordinance

  • The four ordinances:

    • dissolves the newly elected chamber of deputies

    • changed who could vote, making it so only the wealthiest men could vote

    • called for a new election with the newly restricted voting pool

    • restricted the press (Press laws/press censorship)

• These four ordinances led to an immediate uprising called the Three Glorious Days: Revolution of 1830

  • July 27,28, and 29th

Delacroix consolidated this three day period into the 28th, the middle day.

• the working class and the bourgeoisies had some together, barricades were constructed to keep police intervention out of

• on the first day: over 10000 military troupes were deployed (royal guard) and deaths started to occur

• on the second day, there is an account of a Marshall saying that “this is not an uprising, it is a revolution”

  • making this date as a sort of declaration

• it is suggested that the figure at the top of the pyramidal composition is based on a real woman, but we can’t know for sure

  • there is an account of Anne-Charlotte D a working class laundress who went out looking for her brother and found him dead with 10 bullet holes, and she goes out to kill 10 soldiers for revenge. She killed 9 before she was killed herself

  • she stands as an allegorical figure

    • chest half out, drapery clothing etc - think back the the allegory painting from beginning of term

    • she is freedom and liberty

  • she is wearing a Phrygian Cap

    • ancient roman times, this hat was worn by people who were feed from enslavement

• figure on the far left represents an urban factory worker carrying an infantry sword

  • on his cap is a broach called a cockade

    • fabric tri-colour attachment for hats and other clothes

    • people wore this for the storming of the bastille

• children were also present at the uprising - this painting shows us two dead children

  • from other accounts we know 20 children died

• dead figures: a curiouser (we can tell by the metal plates), Swiss/royal guard

• not a commissioned work (it is later purchased by the government in 1831)

• similar contemporary history painting like the raft of medusa

• the painting functions effectively as a primary source, through we know Delacroix didn’t directly witness this event

In early august King Charles withdrew the ordinances and abdicated the throne. King Louis Phillipe (his cousin) put himself forward and the chamber accepted. This became the July Monarchy for which King Luis Phillipe ruled during the whole duration (1830-48).

Daumer

Rue Transonian

1834

• this begins to circulate in the monthly association and stirs a lot of drama

• was made in response to Lyonn and silk workers that were mistreated, overworked, and underpaid (workers did not have associations to protect them)

• silk workers went on strike (unheard of at the time) and were arrested

  • their arrest cause an uprising that was repressed by the national guard

  • in solidarity groups of people set up barricades

the painting itself:

• a family, appears to have a child under the main figure

• appears to be happening at night (nightgowns)

• intergeneration living (their ages)

• they were awake when this happened (they aren’t in bed)

• light and composition is very intentional

Depicting a real event:

• This is an event that happened at of the the streets with barricades

• he wants us to know that the national guard did not stay outside, the national guard entered this apartment after hearing a shot (they had no reason to believe it came from here) and killed everyone within

• the enforcement of the government killing and suppressing innocent and unknowing people

• connection between real events and out emotions

• a real space depicting intimacy and vulnerability

• it made people feel uncomfortable “this could happen to you too

• the government couldn’t ban this because of press laws so they bought all the copies

  • in September of 1835 they implemented new laws about censorship of press (September laws 1835)

Niepce - View from the Window at Le Gras

1826-27

Niepce was a chemist, and in a memoir he calls what he was doing heliography - photography wasn’t a thing then

• used Bitumen

  • a light sensitive material that is spread on the plate

Daguerre

Boulevard du Temple

1838

• is a daguerreotype - was used for taking still lives as well as sceneries

  • because of exposure time, a lot of objects could not be captured

Daguerre starts to try to sell this process, either via lumps or subscription

• the government bought this process under King Louis Phillipe, and he was compensated with a sort of pension that he shared with niepce’s son

• the process became so popular people started calling ti a mania

• the government published a manual, that they had mad money off of

• Daguerre stayed involved, making new iterations and patenting this particular camera, and this particular process

• was commonly used amongst the increasing middle class of the time the petite bourgeois

Ingres

Portrait of Louis-Francois Bertin

1832

• the sitter is presented in a very realistic way

  • detail on the hand and face, not necessarily idealized in any way

• it is a half length portrait

• he is a journalist of the July monarchy

  • his role with the newspaper places him in a position of power and command (which is why we see him sitting this way, the lighting reflects it, the serious nature of his face, and the position of his hand)

• a private commission

how does it connect to colonialism?

• when you look at the realism of the painting, you’ll notice a lot of effort put into the chair, as well as the figure.

  • the chair is mahogany, an imported item that was very expensive luxury material.

  • the wood becomes a symbol

    • the tree was felled by enslaved folks, the trees took hundreds of years to make etc.

Patronage was also being reflected by changes in social classes, and the increasingly complexity of the bourgouise

• bertin had this painting made mimicking the style of other, older paintings

• didn’t use direct symbols or hidden objects

• the narrative is portrayed through body position, hands, and his presence

Juste-millieu- hes just bourgeoisie- middle of the path

Rousseau

Interior of the Forest of Fontainebleau

1836-37

• landscape painting

  • people wanted to do day trips here

  • the presence of domesticated animals in this painting hints at human existence

  • realist approach to landscape painting

    • broadening middle class means a greater variety of paintings and subject matter, more people are buying more art.

• there’s an emergence of non-academic artists with little to no luck showing work in the salon

  • compare to Hogar in the wilderness by Corot / religious story imbued in the landscape

• instead of exhibiting people would sell to collectors and furniture stores

Pottin

Child in the Tower - Receiving the Child

Wood Engraving (probably dates to July Monarchy)

• photo of abandonment tower - 19th century dreux

Depicts a tower for abandoned babies (foundlings)

A system was developed around abandonment and foster parenting

• no other country at the time had a system for taking in abandoned baby at this scale

  • why did they develop and support this structure?

    • avoiding abortion

    • being brought up in undesirable spaces

    • babies being left to die/infanticide

    • allows for anonymity

  • they wanted mothers to be able to come back, but this process was difficult and very uncommon

    • mothers would often leave names pinned to the baby

    • would have to pay to get the baby back, or even see if your baby is still alive

    • the goal was creating “ideal citizens”

• different people were responsible for funding this process at different times

  • ex. during l’ancien regime this system was fully funded through nobility

  • as the state secularized, it was written into the constitution that the state would be responsible

• system of wet nurses developed

  • would take the child in

  • nurse the child

  • was compensated

• patronage was illegal to track, pregnancy and childbirth was the full responsibility of the woman

• expectation that boys would join military and girls would become housemaids and seamstresses

• under the July march, a system to help single mother keep their children was developed

  • decree for women to go to the hospital for free, if she committed to nursing her child for several days and to leave with the child

• social perception was that the towers made it too easy for people to abandon babies, and so they decreseaed numbers by half

the art work:

• a couple represented wit a child - the man seems to be on watch (anonymity is important)

• on the other side we see women of a religious order waiting for the children

  • remember- this artwork is deliberately choosing to depict a couple rather than just a woman even though it was primarily women being left responsible to handle pregnancy and babies

We can understand foundlings using a long-duree approach

• can connect to public assistance, assisted children, and 1882 education laws

Arch De Triumph

1806-1836

• notable terms to connect to: Le Grand Army / The Great Army, Triumphal Arch (see below)

• Begins construction under Napoleon Bonaparte, and is a creation of the First Empire

  • who set out to create a structure that would be on the procession route of le grand armee - an image of Frances military advancement and success

  • the name harkens back to Ancient Rome

  • Construction was halted in 1814 with the expulsion of N.Bonaparte

  • representation of political power

  • contribution to the creation of cultural memory, transcends the idea of N.Bonaparte and stands as a symbol of France and its success

• was completed during the July Monarchy

  • this depiction of Bonaparte, and the completion of this structure is a product of juste-milue thought during this period; a way to appease the bonapartists

  • it also stands as a symbol of military power and success of france in general

The close up image is one of the most famous high relief sculptures on the structure:

Rude

Departure of the Volunteers of 1792

1833-1836

• the artist was a Napoleon supporter

• In 1792 (the convention), people voluntarily walked to the border to meet the Prussian army who was trying to invade, they successfully kept their borders safe

  • this is what is being represented

Meissonier

The Barricade, Rude de la Mortellerie June 1848

1848

Revolution of 1848

• in 1848 there was a gathering that police failed to break up and so King Louis Phillipe sent in the military

  • this escalated greatly

• King Louis Phillipe abdicated and Feld to England

• a provisional government was put n place that wanted to enforce order with a new constitution (becomes the second republic)

• their main concern was establishing employment and so hey created National workshops, an infrastructure which employed 117000 people

• the provisional government put the mister of war in charge, and he employs the national guard to deal with political gathering and radical news.

• they set up an election and we see a huge chance in electorate demographic - mostly well off people, and they ended up closing the national workshops (a huge moment for the rebellion)

  • the outcome of this news evoked a mass rebellion

  • these are called the June Days (June 24-26, the most violent days of the uprising)

Painting specific:

Meissonier was a part of the national guard

• historians believe the meissonier was at this event, and made his preparatory sketchers while present there In-situ

  • there is a primary source (his writings) that support this

• contemporary history painting (like Delacroix and gericault)

this is a street very close to city hall, and many preliterate lived here- real representation of this space and real representation of seasonal/migrational workers

• we can see a barricade in this painting (this is one of thousands)

• clothing identifies them as proliferate

Uses traditional perspective techniques

• focus on the barricade and foreground

• very quickly works on particular perspective points

• shift in clarity/focus in terms of detail in the bodies vs building

miessonier is being specific, particular, and authentic

connect to: Thibault, barricades before the attack

compare to: Liberty leading the people

• seems to be reflecting on his own role, asking “is it worth it?”

Compare to: Rouseau’s realism

• this is an application of realism to social groups and people:social realism

• critics were comparing this work to daguerreotypes, pointing to the truth of his work

Thibault

Barricandes before the attack, rue saint Maur, Sunday 25 June 1848

1848

• a daguerrotype

  • notice you can see people in this image clearly- an evolution of technology

connect to: meissonier, the barricade, rue de la mortellerie

Decluzeau

Virgin with a Blue Veil

1846-48

• replica of Rapheal’s work

  • there was a big push for art conservation as many oil paintings were starting to deteriorate

• Decluzeau was hired to make a bunch of replica’s for museums on ceramic bakes plates

• Copyist

  • maker of sanctioned replica’s

    • primarily female field

• Sevre’s were told to lower their cost and their way of doing it was getting rid of Ducluzea

  • so under this roivsional government, they saw a woman with equal pay as the men and let her go

  • Before she left, she was working incredibly prolifically, and hadn’t been paid out the end sum of her salary (eventually got paid

Bonheur

Ploughing in the Nivernais

1849

• Her father was an artist who trained her and her siblings

  • she was working from an artisan class

  • an earlier painting was commissioned by the government and she was awarded the national prize - as a result she was commissioned by the government to make this paingitng

• using the compensation from this commission, she travelled around agricultural France to paint and document animals and traditional agricultural practices - this was a realist approach to the subject and was very positively received.

Millet

The Winnower

1847-48

• representing a genre scene of everyday life'

  • before this, we didn’t really see agricultural depictions, or depictions of labourers - especially not at this scale

  • millet is depicting skilled agricultural labour

• brushwork - we see a looser application of brushwork

  • sketch-like technique

  • more so hinting/creating a moment/glimpse in time as opposed to a frozen scene

  • looser form of modelling

• There is a hierarchy to genres:

  • historical, portraiture, genre scene, landscape, then still life

    • moreover, this work was also looser and less academic

      • lots of people didn’t like it

• The scale of this work is similar toIngres-Bertin portrait.

  • placing proletarians at a similar scale as people like Bertin

• Social Realism - realism connected to political proletarian issues and daily life

  • this was shown at the salon the year of the revolution

  • was connected to ideas of universal male suffrage

  • and was bought by the new minister of the interior

    • many interpreted this as a political statement/display of sympathy towards the rural working class

Cordier

Bust of Woman (1851) and Saïd Abdullah (1848)

• companion pieces

The artists exhibited them initially in plaster in hopes of someone commissioning the work to be made in a more expensive material like bronze

The Abolition of Slavery 1848

• this work was submitted prior to the abolition of slavery, the abolition occurred and then the work was shown

1794 was when slavery was initially abolished under the convention

it was then reestablished in 1802 under Napoleon

in 1851 they were approved as official sculpuers to be put in an ethnographic gallery

• he did not use live casts/models but did work off of measurements of people

Dumont

Monument to Marshall Bugeaud

1851

• relates specifically to the Colonization of Algeria (specific example of France’s colonial enterprise)

• this is a public sculpture , connects to the space its in

  • how does this sculpture reenact political/social power

• the bronze sculpture is on a pedestal - one that every important to this work

  • the material is grey porphyry - an igneous rock in Algeria

  • France sent people to match the geography of Algeria - cartographic colonization

• flag poles by the legs

• cannonball and sword

• ask leaves symbolizing strength and power

Bugeaud

• was in the battle of Austerwitz and rose in the ranks over time

• he started in Algeria in 1836 and he was there in 1837 when the Treaty of Tafra was signed which gave France authority over 5 coastal towns

• Bugeaud was then appointed governor general

  • now had political power alongside military

  • the French frequently used raids to enforce their power and presence

• died of Cholera in 1849

  • after he died the second republic commissioned a public sculpture in his name

    • was a ‘national subscription’

      • the public can donate money and only if they have enough money they would make this sculpture

        • the subscription payed for the bronze, but the military paid for the rest - they paid 3 times the price of the bronze for the pedestal

• effigy - representation of someone in a public space

Porphyry

• incredibly tedious to harvest

  • carve a other, deforestation for wood, transporting it over mountainerou terrain, getting it on a ship

    • the people who did this work were paid individuals and military individuals who were being discipled

• think very literally and figuratively about bugeuad as on top of this material

Dumont

• was chosen, was academically trained

  • also sculpted the final top of the vendome column

Reducations were made, small scale exact replica’s

Bonheur

The Horse Fair

1853-55

not a commissioned work

• is investing in her work, doesnt have financial support and earns money through commissions to be able to make this kind of work

• does not study in an academy has to create circumstances in which she can study human/animal anatomy

  • working at vet clinics, local animal and horse shows

• concerned with the relationship between humans and animals

• Animalier: represents animal bodies on par with people who represent human anatomy

This work was shown at the salon and it did very well

• she tried to get someone to buy it but it was ‘too expensive’ for a work made by a female artist

• she created a professional relationship with an art dealer in Belgium

  • he made a replica of her work and more, and sold prints

  • eventually through more shows, the original sold for three times more than she was originally going to sell it for

• shows a commercial avenue that artists are approaching

• throughout the second empire - there was more social recognition for women’s work, and more acceptance

• after this work she stops showing work at the salon cause she doesn’t need to

women/clothing

• horse market was an all male environment, bonheur had to acquire a cross dressing perming 1800 so that she can wear pants around this market

  • if you want to position yourself as doing ‘work’ dressing as masculine would be beneficial for you and your social movement as a women

    • otherwise women shouldn’t really appear to be able to do work

      • restricting opportunities and movement of women, taking more control etc.

Manet

The bath

1855

• later retitled luncheon on the grass

• this was submitted to the salon in 1863, 2/3s including this one were rejected

  • Napoleon wanted a more liberal, demoncratic government, and salon so he relied the rejected work and concluded to let the people decide and the rejected artworks were put in a exhibition titled salon of the refused

The painting:

• the title leads us to look in the back of the painting

• the composition flattens the space

• the female nude is not idealized, she is portrayed as a contemporary woman looking at you

  • there is no mythological reason for this

• the men are in average contemporary student clothes

• the application of the paint, especially with regards to the vanishing point, reads as unfinished and sketched - not something to be presented as a finished work

• People were very uncomfortable with this painting

  • made viewers connect to prostitution

Nadar

Early Images of Paris

1861-62

Nadar

Sewers of Paris

1864-65

Albumum Print- early 1850’s - became dominant form of photography until the 1890’s

• glass plate negative

  • you take the photo on a glass plate, allowing the image to be reproduced

Nadar was using electric lights and generators to take these photos

• was interest in new methods and objects of photography

• wanted to remind people of the violent history of paris

• The Salon at this time did not accept photographs as a type of art at this time - the french society of photography did

Nadar was showing spaces that are normally invisible to the public at a time when Paris was being radically transformed by sanitation reform and urban construction

• concerns of public sanitation’

  • overcrowding, urbanization, poor cemetery handling all contributed to infestation and contagious contamination - people were getting sick

  • so they had a desire to fix health solution

    • catacombs in 1st empire

      • from the ancient regime to the second empire - 6 million corpses were relocated from cemeteries to catacombs

    • sewers expanded in 2nd empire

Manet

Line in Front of the Butchershop

1870-71

What kind of event are disrupting daily life? what sort of changes are happening?

• siege of Paris

social realism - taking a rural worker and putting them at a scale that was previously only for historical paintings

is doing a genre scene but around his own life - this is something we start to see emerge with impressionism

Morisot

Butterfly Hunt

1874

• artists are also starting to paint outside plain air painting

  • the entire process is outside, prior to this time, artists had only done sketches and studies outside

    • paint started getting developed in tubes which contributed to the portability of the painting process now

• again, looser brushwork

Seurat

Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La

1884-86

Pointalism - shown at the 8th and last impressionist exhibition

• different approach to impressionism

• neo-impressionism/scientific impressionism

  • more controlled approached to painting, but still very concerned with everyday life that the impressionists are concerned with

• worked on this for two years

• works on a whole range of drawings and conte/oil sketches

• completely in contention with how impressionists were working (he was in the impressionist group because he was friends with a lot of them )

• this painting is huge, very much like history painting but this time a scene of everyday life

• a liesure scene

  • think about holidays and leisure in a long duree process

• clothing represents different classes

  • there is a range of social classes all together in the same space

• Sunday was generally considered a day off

  • ancien regime - Sunday was a holiday - expectation was to work 6 days a week, Sunday is holiday- this ended in 1789

  • the bourbon restoration re-instated a law around Sunday’s and time off in 1814

    • was repealed in 1880 (the third republic)

• the date of this work indicated Sundays off is a new phenomena, people of different classes and social status all have Sundays off

  • secularization of Sundays

• primarily non-family relations being depicted

Monet

Impressionism: sunrise

1872

• was a part of The anonymous company - a group of artists (including Morisot, group of artists that came together and host their own show, this group had enough money to produce a catalogue- a primary course)

• brushwork - less descriptive modelling

• white prime base (historically was warm red, this group used white)

• they would take different courses rather than mixing them on a palette, put them straight on the canvas forcing the viewers eye to do the work of blending the colour

• by the anonymous societies third exhibition, they start to adopt the term impressionism, take the negative term and label themselves (a critic had previously referred to this work as a ‘mere impression’)

Rodin

The Burghers of Calais

1884-1889 (1895 install)

Historical Context (Based on a primary source text)

• commemorates an event from the hundred years war

• The British took siege of Calais, and made a deal that we would lift the siege in exchange for the. key to the city and the lives of six burghers (city officials)

• Ultimately the men were released - Queen Philippa intervened and begged King Edwards to release them for fear that it would bring bad luck to their unborn child

Instead of choosing to commemorate the councilmen in what would’ve been the traditional herioc/triumphant depiction, Rodin wanted to portray this moment of anguish, despair and heroism.

• despair and haunted courage, was challenging heroic ideals of the past

• simple clothes, bodies seem gaunt, they are barefoot and roped together

• Rodin wanted the figures to be almost at eye level for the viewer, to engage with the viewer at a more personal level.

  • city commisioners/patrons wanted them depicted heroically, put them on a huge pedestal

• they are displayed at equal heights, also going against a sort of typically pyramidal approach.

Bronze sculpture

• sculpted in the round you have to walk around it to see it

• he created a maquette for this work, a sketch if you will

eventually displayed a plaster version as the Universal Expo in Paris, where there was an estimated 30 million visitors

Eiffel

Eiffel Tower

1887-89

• was built for the universal expo

• designed by Gustave Eiffel (who also designed the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty)

  • he is a civil engineer/bridge engineer

• was entirely built of iron

  • was initially temporary but became a symbol of Paris

People were asked to vote if they wanted an Empire, but the procedure to become an empire was already put in place before they even answered - the vote did indicate yes anyway

Referendum of 1804

A sculpture that relates/ is responding to the context of a space both politically, physically, and conceptually

• why this specific place, for this specific sculpture

examples: vendom column, arch de triumph etc

Public Sculpture

bourbon dynasty

constitution monarchy

comes out of Vienna, and under this charter france had to:

• return every piece of land they had conquered since 1791 had to be returned

• voting rights change

• religious safety - catholicism is declared as state religion and all other religions are ‘tolerated;

• equality before law - king is not above law

• property rights are protected

• elect a chamber of deputies

Charter of 1814

their meaning is intended to be derived from them together/how they interact with each other

• example: wounded cuirassier leaving field of battle and charging cuirassier - gericault

Pendant Painting

featured the idea that art should connect to the political body (think David)

neo-classicism

interest of the individual, human experiences and human emotions

• person as representative of a broader category

• nature and figures as nature

(thing Gericualt)

Romanticism

1815

Napoleon escapes exile and comes back - reconnects with David

Napoleon takes his troops into Waterloo

• after his loss he returns to Paris, and tries to negotiate for support in France but fails and was exiled again, but much much farther

The Hundred Days

1814-15

the congress who made the charter

Congress of Vienna

• transcends a specific political eras - bridges between

Photography

Light sensitive material that is spread on the plate

• was used for heligographs

  • coats the plate, is left to harden placed in a window in a box and the image from the window transfers onto the place

• and before that - etching

Bitumen

has existed for a while but comes to be used for photography

Camera Obscura

Niepce partners with Daguerre to fund his efforts and continue to develop his ideas

Daguerre

the bourgeouisie starts to become more complex during the July Monarchy

• we start to see a division between the general bourgeoisie and the haute bourgeoisie

• a lot of this division comes down to amount of money and ownership

  • industrialists, financiers, private investors, banking, ancestral connection to colonialism

example: daguerrotypes became an object for the petite bourgouise, and private commissions are a commodity for the haute bourgouise

haute-bourgeouisie

something like a small business owner

Petite-Bourgourise

• intense realism

  • critics were pointing to, and praising the realism of this painting (Bertin)

  • and the use of academic training to communicate narratives

illusionism

Middle way

• government policy of compromise

  • how we bridge traditional and modern ex. painting of Bertin

Juste-Millieu

• a genre of painting

  • could specifically refer to historical landscapes

• picturesque

landscape painting

• monthly political art subscription by Daumer to get around press censorship

The Monthly Association

New press laws in response Rue Transnonian

September Laws 1835

July Revolution

Transition from the Bourbon dynasty (Bourbon Restoration) to the July Monarchy

Revolution of 1830

Connect to revolution of 1830

• takes the Vienna Charter and upadtes and revises it

• people are still interested in royalty as a divine right

  • ligitmist political party thinks the process of royalty should stuck with the Bourbon/Oilean family - K.Louis Phillipe is bother to previous king

• one of the stipulations was regarding who could rule - and they voted that hereditary rule as a requirement was abolished

• king could not make ordinances regarding state security (incarceration and police related matters)

• the estbalished chamber of deputies can put laws forward

• suffrage remained with males 25+ with slightly more lenient tax/money requirements

• Catholicism is the majority religion but is not the state religion

• adjustments on press censorship

  • 1 year after this charter there are increasing liberties for the press, and increasing democritization - making it possible to critique political figures

  • daumier was hired by a newspaper publisher (The Caricature, also no existing as a new kind of patron)

Relevant works

• Winterhalter, 1839

  • Portrait of King Louis Phillipe

• Daumier, 1831

  • Gargantua

Charter of 1830

Print making method

• could make 100 or so prints from one plate

  • democratization of art

  • was used for a lot of political art, and newspaper art

Lithograph/Lithography

During this time France is operating within a constitutional monarchy, under the Charter of 1814 and King Charles X (the constitutional monarchy is made of of the chamber of deputies)

• King Charles dissolves the chamber of deputies, going against the charter, and calls for an election

  • fall less people were royalists than he thought, and he ended up with a majority liberal party in his chamber

  • he saw this as an attack on himself- his agenda had been to return to france and reestablish the Divine right of royalty and decided he could rule by decree

• He decreed in July of 1830 that he would now be ruling by Decree- this was decreed in a four part ordinance

  • The four ordinances:

    • dissolves the newly elected chamber of deputies

    • changed who could vote, making it so only the wealthiest men could vote

    • called for a new election with the newly restricted voting pool

    • restricted the press (Press laws/press censorship)

• These four ordinances led to an immediate uprising called the Three Glorious Days: Revolution of 1830

  • July 27,28, and 29th

• the working class and the bourgeoisies had some together, barricades were constructed to keep police intervention out of

• on the first day: over 10000 military troupes were deployed (royal guard) and deaths started to occur

• on the second day, there is an account of a Marshall saying that “this is not an uprising, it is a revolution”

  • making this date as a sort of declaration

In early august King Charles withdrew the ordinances and abdicated the throne. King Louis Phillipe (his cousin) put himself forward and the chamber accepted. This became the July Monarchy for which King Luis Phillipe ruled during the whole duration (1830-48).

connect to: delacroix’s liberty leading the people

The July Revolution

ancient roman times, this hat was worn by people who were feed from enslavement

• think Delacroix’s liberty leading the people

Phrygian Cap

cockade

• fabric tri-colour attachment for hats and other clothes

• people wore this for the storming of the Bastille and liberty leading the people

Cockade

required children to spend part of their day at school, from ages 6 to 13

• starting with this law, and to the end of this class we see an emphasis on the education on children

the impact of this system>

• there is now just a marginal different between abandoned children, and those who were not

  • educated roughly to the same degree, no significant differences in military status, class, job, income, or law abidingness - which challenged the preconceived and deliberate narratives people were making of abandoned children

1882 Education Law

all teachers must be lay teachers, no teaching time could be given to religion

1886 Lay Teachers Law

The last revolution we look at in this course

• main topics

  • male suffrage

  • property based franchise

takes place over February through June

• there’s no evidence that the revolution was formally planned, but political groups were gathering for political reform and the right to gather

  • the right to gather as a political group (called banquets) was outlawed the year before in 1847

• in 1848 there was a gathering that police failed to break up and so King Louis Phillipe sent in the military

  • this escalated greatly

• King Louis Phillipe abdicated and Feld to England

• a provisional government was put n place that wanted to enforce order with a new constitution (becomes the second republic)

• their main concern was establishing employment and so hey created National workshops, an infrastructure which employed 117000 people

• the provisional government put the mister of war in charge, and he employs the national guard to deal with political gathering and radical news.

• they set up an election and we see a huge chance in electorate demographic - mostly well off people, and they ended up closing the national workshops (a huge moment for the rebellion)

  • the outcome of this news evoked a mass rebellion

  • these are called the June Days (June 24-26, the most violent days of the uprising)

connect to: June days Daguerrotype, or meissonie

the barricade, rue de la morttellrie June 1848

1848

and

Thibault

Barricades before the attack

Revolution of 1848

application of realism to social groups/people

• connect to: meisonnier, barricades

• contrast: Roussaus nature realism

Social Realism

maker of sanctioned replica’s

Copyist

right to vote

Suffrage

legal right to citizenship

enfranchisement

gendered access to secondary education

• a test implemented by Napoleon to build a merticrousy

  • was a test men could write to enrol into university and get a hire paying job

Baccalaureate 1808

Napoleon wanted a more liberal, demoncratic government, and salon so he relied the rejected work and concluded to let the people decide and the rejected artworks were put in a exhibition titled salon of the refused

connect to: Manet the bath

Salon of the Refused