C

Chapter 8 

Internal Migration

  • Migration: crossing of administrative boundaries, long-distance travel, permanent change in residence
  • Migrants: people who changed address and who moved to a different administrative jurisdiction
  • Non-migrants: people who changed their address but stayed within the same administrative jurisdiction
  • Immigrant: move into a country
  • Emigrant: move out of a country
  • Migration studies depend on estimates
  • Census: most comprehensive data source for migration

Laws of Migration

  • Most migrants travel short distances
  • Urban expansion has a gradual effect on migration
  • For every stream of migration in 1 direction, there is a corresponding counter stream
  • Migration is more likely among rural populations
  • Women are more likely to migrate short-distances
  • Technological development stimulates migration
  • Economic motives are the most important determinants of migration

Mobility Transition

  • 5 phases:
    • Pre-modern traditional society
    • Early transitional
    • Late transitional phase
    • Advanced society
    • Super advanced society

Typological Models

  • Innovating movement: motivated by the desire to improve one’s socioeconomic status
  • Conservative movement: motivated by the desire to escape the situation that poses a significant threat to the well-being
  • Depends on:
    • Type of interaction involved
    • Migratory force assumed
    • Class of migration

Spatial Models

  • Distance-gravity model: different places within some defined geographical system exert differential gravitational pull (attracting potential migrants)
    • When people migrate, they generally prefer to travel as short a distance as possible
  • Intervening opportunities model: the number of people moving a given distance is proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance

Neoclassical Macroeconomic Model

  • Neoclassical macroeconomic model: differential economic opportunity structures across geographical areas are the key determinants of internal migration patterns

Rational Actor Model

  • Rational actor model: the decision to move is based on the assessment of the long-term benefits of relocation in relation to the long-term costs
    • Importance of values and goals

Lee’s Theory

  • Pushing or pulling factors influencing someone migrating or not

Todaro’s Model of Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries

  • Perception of an expected significant wage differential between rural and urban areas

Social Demographic Aspects of Migration

  • Migration: is a selective process
  • The selectivity of migrants’ characteristics has been declining/weakening
  • The age pattern of migration:
    • Pre-labour-force years: low chance of migrating
    • Labour-force stage: the highest probability of migrating
    • Post-labour-force phase: moderate chance of migrating
  • Sex-ratio of in and out migration stays around 1

Migration and “Social Disorganization”

  • High rates of migration are associated with rapid social and economic change