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Honors Biology 9: Macromolecules Notes

2.2: Macromolecules

2.2.1 Chemical Substances - Advanced

  • Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur all can form countless combinations of organic compounds

  • A chemical substance is a material that has a definite chemical composition

  • 118 known elements

    • The majority of these elements are metals

  • Atoms in chemical compounds are held together by chemical bonds

  • Mixtures: No fixed chemical composition

2.2.2 The Significance of Carbon - Advanced

  • Carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life

  • Carbon can bond with a wide range of different elements

  • Can form carbon-containing compounds which are the basis of all known organic life

2.2.3 Carbohydrates - Advanced

  • Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Two monosaccharides = One disaccharide

  • Oligosaccharide = 2-10 monosaccharides

  • Polysaccharide = Long carbohydrate molecules

2.2.4 Lipids - Advanced

  • Organic compounds that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated

  • Triglycerides are commonly called fat

  • Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes

  • Steroids such as testosterone and estrogen are proteins

  • Lipids store energy and form cell membranes

2.2.5 Proteins - Advanced

  • Proteins have many important roles and functions

  • Proteins are made of amino acids

  • Proteins are chains of amino acids which are bonded together via a peptide bond, forming peptide bonds and longer chains called polypeptides

  • Polypeptides may have as few as 40 amino acids or as many as several thousand

  • Proteins can form antibodies that protect your body against pathogens

  • Proteins are extremely important for your everyday life and diet

  • Arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine, and tyrosine are not normally required in the diet but some people do not produce them at all

2.2.6 Nucleic Acids - Advanced

  • Nucleic acids are the instructions or blueprints of life

  • Examples include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

  • Must contain a base (containing nitrogen), a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group (containing phosphorus)

  • Letters are combined to form "words" of genetic code

  • ATP is energy nucleic acid which is produced by your cells to give you energy

LR

Honors Biology 9: Macromolecules Notes

2.2: Macromolecules

2.2.1 Chemical Substances - Advanced

  • Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur all can form countless combinations of organic compounds

  • A chemical substance is a material that has a definite chemical composition

  • 118 known elements

    • The majority of these elements are metals

  • Atoms in chemical compounds are held together by chemical bonds

  • Mixtures: No fixed chemical composition

2.2.2 The Significance of Carbon - Advanced

  • Carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life

  • Carbon can bond with a wide range of different elements

  • Can form carbon-containing compounds which are the basis of all known organic life

2.2.3 Carbohydrates - Advanced

  • Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Two monosaccharides = One disaccharide

  • Oligosaccharide = 2-10 monosaccharides

  • Polysaccharide = Long carbohydrate molecules

2.2.4 Lipids - Advanced

  • Organic compounds that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated

  • Triglycerides are commonly called fat

  • Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes

  • Steroids such as testosterone and estrogen are proteins

  • Lipids store energy and form cell membranes

2.2.5 Proteins - Advanced

  • Proteins have many important roles and functions

  • Proteins are made of amino acids

  • Proteins are chains of amino acids which are bonded together via a peptide bond, forming peptide bonds and longer chains called polypeptides

  • Polypeptides may have as few as 40 amino acids or as many as several thousand

  • Proteins can form antibodies that protect your body against pathogens

  • Proteins are extremely important for your everyday life and diet

  • Arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine, and tyrosine are not normally required in the diet but some people do not produce them at all

2.2.6 Nucleic Acids - Advanced

  • Nucleic acids are the instructions or blueprints of life

  • Examples include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

  • Must contain a base (containing nitrogen), a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group (containing phosphorus)

  • Letters are combined to form "words" of genetic code

  • ATP is energy nucleic acid which is produced by your cells to give you energy

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