Honors Biology 9: Macromolecules Notes
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur all can form countless combinations of organic compounds
A chemical substance is a material that has a definite chemical composition
118 known elements
The majority of these elements are metals
Atoms in chemical compounds are held together by chemical bonds
Mixtures: No fixed chemical composition
Carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life
Carbon can bond with a wide range of different elements
Can form carbon-containing compounds which are the basis of all known organic life
Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Two monosaccharides = One disaccharide
Oligosaccharide = 2-10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharide = Long carbohydrate molecules
Organic compounds that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
Triglycerides are commonly called fat
Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes
Steroids such as testosterone and estrogen are proteins
Lipids store energy and form cell membranes
Proteins have many important roles and functions
Proteins are made of amino acids
Proteins are chains of amino acids which are bonded together via a peptide bond, forming peptide bonds and longer chains called polypeptides
Polypeptides may have as few as 40 amino acids or as many as several thousand
Proteins can form antibodies that protect your body against pathogens
Proteins are extremely important for your everyday life and diet
Arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine, and tyrosine are not normally required in the diet but some people do not produce them at all
Nucleic acids are the instructions or blueprints of life
Examples include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Must contain a base (containing nitrogen), a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group (containing phosphorus)
Letters are combined to form "words" of genetic code
ATP is energy nucleic acid which is produced by your cells to give you energy
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur all can form countless combinations of organic compounds
A chemical substance is a material that has a definite chemical composition
118 known elements
The majority of these elements are metals
Atoms in chemical compounds are held together by chemical bonds
Mixtures: No fixed chemical composition
Carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life
Carbon can bond with a wide range of different elements
Can form carbon-containing compounds which are the basis of all known organic life
Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Two monosaccharides = One disaccharide
Oligosaccharide = 2-10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharide = Long carbohydrate molecules
Organic compounds that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
Triglycerides are commonly called fat
Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes
Steroids such as testosterone and estrogen are proteins
Lipids store energy and form cell membranes
Proteins have many important roles and functions
Proteins are made of amino acids
Proteins are chains of amino acids which are bonded together via a peptide bond, forming peptide bonds and longer chains called polypeptides
Polypeptides may have as few as 40 amino acids or as many as several thousand
Proteins can form antibodies that protect your body against pathogens
Proteins are extremely important for your everyday life and diet
Arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine, and tyrosine are not normally required in the diet but some people do not produce them at all
Nucleic acids are the instructions or blueprints of life
Examples include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Must contain a base (containing nitrogen), a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group (containing phosphorus)
Letters are combined to form "words" of genetic code
ATP is energy nucleic acid which is produced by your cells to give you energy