APWH V4

chattel slavery

a system where enslaved people are legally considered the personal property (chattel) of their owners, who can buy, sell, trade, or inherit them like movable goods or livestock

concordat of bologna

an agreement between francis I of france and pope leo X, est. the Gallican Church by giving french king power to appoint french bishops and aboots, while the pope retained ability to approve these nominations (1516)

encomienda

spanish colonial system where colonists exploited native americans for labor in exchange for religious instruction and protection

english civil war

a series of 17th century conflicts between supporters of the absolute monarchy (Royalists) and parliamentarians (Roundheads); to the execution of king charles i, temporary abolition of the monarchy, and rise of oliver cornwell’s rule as lord protector

huguenots

french protestants, largely followers of John calvin

marco polo

a venetian merchant and explorer who traveled extensively through Asia, including 17 years in the court of Kublai Khan in china

neo confucianism

revival and refinement of confucianism during song dynasty; incorporated buddhism and daoism

ottoman

a powerful land based gunpowder empires founded by osman I in Anatolia ~1300 CE

protestant reformation

a religious and political movement in the 16th century that began as a challenge to authority of the Roman catholic church by figures like Martin Luther, leading to the creation of new christian denominations and a permanent split in the religion

safavid

a Persian stat empire known for establishing twelve shia Islam as the official state religion; early gunpowder empire

tax farming

govts auction the rights to collect taxes in a specific region to private individuals or groups; reduced the burden on the state’s bureaucracy but often led to exploitation

umayyad

first hereditary caliphate in history of Islam, ruling from 611 to 750 CE, from their capital in damascus; significant conquests, centralization of power, est of an Arab centric political system; overthrown by Abbasid caliphate

yuan dynasty

mongol led imperial dynasty est by Kublai Khan which unified china under foreign rule for the first time

caravel

small, fast, and highly maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century; lateen sails, capable of long distance exploration

council of trent

pivotal council of the Catholic church that served as the formal Roman Catholic response of the protestant reformation (condemned protestant beliefs of justification by faith alone)