Unit 2 review

Demography

the study of statistics, location, structure of human populations

virtually all population growth

How much population growth today occurs in LDCs?

4 - East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia

How many regions of the globe are 2/3s of the world’s inhabitants clustered?

Megalopolis

Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington

Low lying areas with fertile soil and a temperate climate; near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean

Site and Situation of Population Clusters

Ecumene Zone

regions hosting permanent human settlement

technology & innovation

What has allowed us to adapt to new environments?

Dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, high lands

sparsely populated regions (people generally avoid)

exception to “too high”

High altitude regions near the equator can host large populations e.g. La Paz, Bolivia, has over 3 million

exception to “too cold”

e.g. Barrow, Alaska - northernmost city in the U.S. The average temperature in July is 37 degrees

exception to “too wet”

e.g. Mawsynram claiming to have the highest average rainfall on Earth. The village receives 467 inches of rain per year (13 times that of Seattle)

exception to “too dry”

e.g. Dubai - a metropolis in the desert; temps regularly reach 110* degrees

e.g. Las Vegas - an impossible city without the Hoover Dam

Arithmetic Density

density of people in a given area (total pop./total land area)

• U.S. = 76/mi²

• NYC = 1,000,000/mi²

• Australia = 7/mi²

• Canada - 3/kg²

Physiological Density

number of people supported by a unit area of arable land (total pop./total arable land area)

useful for analyzing food availability and arable land in different places

• U.S. - 175/kg²

• Egypt - 2,296/kg²

• United Kingdom - 1,083/kg²

Agricultural Density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land (# of farmers/total arable land area)

an indicator of development - fewer farmers support more people in MDCs / larger more mechanized farms

• Japan - 46/kg²

• India - 163/kg²

• Netherlands - 23/kg²

about 82 million people

How many people are added to the world population annually?

not uniformly distributed

Like population itself, population growth is (not uniformly distributed/uniformly distributed)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the # of births per 1,000 population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the # of deaths per 1,000 population

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

the % growth of a population in a year, computed as the CBR - the CDR

Doubling Time

the # of years needed to double a population

doesn’t - it only accounts for births vs. deaths

The NIR (does/doesn’t) account for immigration/emigration

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

• World ___ is 2.5

• ___ often exceeds 5 in sub-Saharan Africa

• <2 in nearly all European countries

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

total deaths (before the first year) per 1,000 live births (high ___ tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance”

-ranges as low as 3 (Iceland) to 150 (Sierra Leone) - The U.S. rate is just over 6

Life Exceptancy

____ __________ is the average number of years a person is expected to live based on statistical data, considering factors such as age, gender, and health conditions. (rapid increase throughout the world)

IMR declining in most countries due to antibiotics and immunization

higher

LDCs have (higher/lower) rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility, infant mortality, etc.

lower

MDCs have (higher/lower) rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility, infant mortality, etc.

The United States Census

• conducted every 10 years

• the count is done to determine representation in the U.S. House of Representatives

• purpose is to count every person in the U.S. and to collect date about them

Census - Nonparticipation

• not everyone can be counted

  • homeless

  • illegal aliens

• Not everyone thinks they should be

Census - Extropolation

• Not everyone can be counted, so ‘extrapolations’ or educated guesses, are made for populations

• is this a true count?

Demographic Transition - Stage 1

• Low Growth (agricultural revolution)

• CBR & CDR are both high

• pop. remains low & stable

• high CDR: poor water supply, poor health care, & endemic disease

• no long-term natural increase

• no country is in stage __

  • only rare & isolated cases (Amazonian natives & other preserved pre-industrial communities)

Demographic Transition - Stage 2

• High Growth (Industrial Revolution)

• CDR falls but CBR remains high

• NIR is greater, so the pop. grows rapidly

• CDR falls: medical breakthroughs & improvements to food & water supply

• CBR remains high: religious/cultural reasons & people are still not educated to use contraception

• High NIR

• Europe & North America entered stage _, as a result of the Industrial Revolution (1750)

• Africa, Asia, & Latin America entered stage _ (1950) due to the medical revolution - improved medical care

Demographic Transition - Stage 3

• Moderate growth (change in cultural values)

• CBR now falls & CDR continues to fall

• NIR remains high & pop. growth is rapid

• CBR falls due to cultural reasons: better access to family planning and people have begun to appreciate the fact that families are expensive and that women are able to work

• CDR falls: medical care & standards of living improve

• The gap between CBR & CDR narrows

• pop. grows, but more slowly

• most European countries & North America transitioned to stage 3, from 1900-1950

Demographic Transition - Stage 4

• Low Growth (Zero Population Growth (ZPG))

• CBR & CDR level out

• Pop stabilizes as the natural increase is low

• CBR declines: societal advancements & women choosing careers & smaller family size to ensure a better quality of life

• CDR remains low, life expectancy increases

• no long-term natural increase & possibly a decrease

• TFR of 2.1 produces zero population growth

Population Pyramids

a special bar graph that can visually display a country’s distinctive population population structure

Population Pyramids show:

1. Age Distributions

2. Dependency Ratios of under 15 & over

3. Sex Ratio - Male vs. Female

Dependency Ratio

# of people who are too young/old to work, compared to the # of workers (ages 0-14 & 65+ are dependants) (larger ratios mean high financial burden on the working class, who must pay for care of young/old

Sex Ratio

# of males per 100 females in pop

• developed countries have more females, as they live 7 years longer on average

• many developing countries have more men, because male babies are preferred

Demographic Transition - Stage 5

• very low CBR & growing CDR

• increased CDR because of dying-off of older generations

• CBR falls below CDR and this result in a negative population increase

• women decide that a career is more important than a family & many decide to not have children

• CDR remains low & the pop begins to rapidly age

• large older cohorts

• ‘reverse‘ pyramid - thinner at base (low CBR)

Problems with an Aging World

1. Problems for Senior Citizens

   1a. social security & pension funds

   1b. Increase in healthcare spending

2. Education Funding

   2a. public financing of K-12 & colleges

3. Global Migration Flows

   3a. youth from LDC nations flood MDCs in search of economic opportunities

Overpopulation

when consumption of natural resources by a population outstrips the ability of a region to replace those resources

Successful Strategies for Lowering Birth Rates

1. Improving Education & Health Care

   1a. Near-direct correlation between education and the # of children a woman will have

   1b. Some women will choose a career over childbearing

2. Increased Access to Contraception

   2a. can be effective even in places with limited women’s empowerment

   2b. met with greater resistance, because it goes against the cultural or religious beliefs of some (political/religious opposition)

• family planning programs

• contraceptive technology

• role of mass media (radio & TV Soap Operas)

New Influences on Birth Rates

Epidemic Transition Model

describes the variance in natural growth rates between countries

Epidemiological Transition

the shift from infectious to degenerative diseases that occurs with development

• Infectious diseases (developing world)

  • HIV/AIDS

  • SARS

  • malaria

  • cholera

• Degenerative diseases (developed countries)

  • obesity

  • tobacco use

Epidemiology

study of the causes and cures for human disease (rises to importance in stage 2)

Pandemic

disease or other ailment which spreads across a wide area of the earth’s surface, deeply impacting multiple countries or continents

Epidemic

an ailment which deeply impacts a single community or region (smaller scale than pandemic)

Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 1

• pestilence & famine

• the bubonic plague

• pandemics

  • most deaths occur due to infectious or parasitic diseases, or from environmental factors like floods or earthquakes

Causes of Transition to stage 2

• development

• as countries mature, they build life-saving infrastructure, like hospitals and sewers

Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 2

• Receding pandemics

• cholera & smallpox

• improved sanitation, nutrition, & medicine leads to a reduction in epidemics, & overall death rates plummet

Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 3

• degenerative diseases

• most significant: heart disease & cancer

  • during stage _, people are living longer than ever before & chronic diseases associated with age begin to be society’s greatest health challenge (cancer/cardiovascular)

Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 4

• Delayed degenerative diseases

• medical advances prolong life

• deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other progressive diseases delayed because of modern medical technology and treatments

Greying Population

people are surviving longer even with deadly conditions, leading to a ___________ __________

Epidemiological Transition Model - Stage 5

• the reemergence of infectious diseases?

• Possible explanations

  1. Disease Evolution

  2. poverty

     1. increased connections (globalization)

Disease Evolution

infectious diseases microbes evolve and establish resistance to drugs and other treatments (antibiotics and genetic engineering contribute to the emergence of stronger strains of viruses and bacteria)

Poverty

though development in stage 5 countries is high, it is still uneven (even most modern societies still harbor pockets of poverty); infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas due to unsanitary conditions, & inability to afford drugs treatments

government expenditures on healthcare

• more than 15% of total government expenditures in Europe & North America

• less than 5% in sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia

healthcare in MDCs

• public service available at little or no cost

• government pays more than 70% of individuals’ heath-care costs in most European countries

healthcare in LDCs

• private individuals must pay more than half of the cost of health care

• in the U.S., individuals pay about 55% of health care costs (closely resembling developing nations)

Increased Connections

advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, makes it easier for an individual infected in one place to rapidly transmit disease elsewhere

Migration

a type of mobility/a permanent move to a new location (relocation diffusion) (emigration & immigration)

Emigration

migration from a location

Immigration

migration to a location

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants (a place has either a net-in migration or a net-out migration

Ravenstein’s laws of migration (allow geographers to make generalizations about migration)

1. the distance of migration

2. the reason for migration

3. the characteristics of migrants

Push Factors

induce people to move out of their present location

• water (too much or too little)

• global climate change

• deteriorating land quality

• natural disasters

  • hurricanes

  • floods

  • landslides

  • volcanoes/geological events

Pull Factors

induce people to move into a new location

Floodplain

an area periodically inundated when a river floods (they are named for how often it is estimated they flood)

Refugee

a person who has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and they cannot return for fear of persecution (granted special protections in many countries)

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

similar to a refugee, but they have not migrated across an international border (not granted special protections - they were forced to migrate, but they are not entitled to the same protections as traditional refugees)

Asylum Seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Mobility

a general term that refers to all types of movements (while we might take it for granted, for billions of people in the world, mobility is just a dream)

• journeying each day to work or school

• weekly visits to local shops

• annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state

• a desperate departure from a war-torn country

Circulation

repetitive acts of mobility (we all have paths of circulation in our lives)

Voluntary Migration

• the migrant makes the decision to move

• most migration is voluntary

  • push and pull factors determine whom and where

most voluntary migration is driven by the want to find better economic conditions

Ex: The Great Migration - Blacks moved to The Industrial Belt (Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages.

Forced Migration

• Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-makning process

• Slavery

  • about 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867

  • in 1860, there were 4 million slaves in the United States

• Refugees

• Military Conscription

  • Children of Migrants

Ex: African Slavery, Trail of Tears

Circulatory Migration

• a type of temporary migration

• associated with agricultural work

• the migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time

• very common in the U.S. southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers)

Sojourners

these workers intend to stay only until they save enough money to return to their homeland with wealth

• Common in the U.S. with Italians between 1890-1910

• Common now with workers from Latin America

Remittances

a substantial part of the economy of some migrant source countries

The Gravity Model

the amount of interaction between two things is directly related to their size and inversely related to the distance between them

• size will take precedent over distance (it’s more important)

• resembles Newton’s Law of Gravity

  • it can be used to predict traffic flows, migration flows, shopping patterns, etc.

International Migrant Populations

approximately 9% of the world’s people are international migrants, meaning they are living in a country they were not born in.

Migration Transition Model - Stage 1

high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Migration Transition Model - Stage 2

high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Migration Transition Model - Stage 3

high international immigration and interregional migration from cities to suburbs

Migration Transition Model - Stage 4

same as stage 3, with some movement back into cities

U.S. Migration Patterns - 4 Main Eras of Migration

1. Colonial migration from England and Africa

2. 1830-1880 immigration from Northwestern Europe

3. 1880-1930 immigration from Southeastern Europe

4. Recent immigration from LDCs

Four Major Waves of U.S. Immigration

1. Prior to 1830, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain (original colonization)

2. 1830-1880: Northwestern Europeans

   2a. Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans

3. 1880-1930: Southeastern European

   3a. Italians, Russians, and Greece

4. After 1950: Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans

   4a. Asians: China, India, Vietnam, & South Korea

   4b. Latin America: Mexico, Cuba, & Haiti

European Waves of Immigration

1. 1840s-50s: Irish & German (Northern Europe)

2. 1870s: Irish & German (Northern Europe)

3. 1880s: Scandinavia (Northern Europe)

   1. 1905-14: Southern & Eastern Europe

Where are Migrants Distributed?

Impact on the U.S.

• Destinations

  • California - 1/5 of all immigrants

    • ¼ of all undocumented immigrants

  • New York - 1/6 of all immigrants

Chain Migration

one immigrant sponsors other immigrants for admission (ex: a son moves to the U.S. from Mexico and gets a job and goes to school. He then sends most of his paycheck to his family back in Mexico while saving enough for himself to pay for necessities.)

Intervening Obstacles

that hinder migration, can be categorized into 2 types (environmental and political barriers)

Environmental Barriers

mountains, oceans, desert, great distances, etc.

Political Barriers

i.e. when countries require proper documentation to enter or leave

• Historically, intervening obstacles - Environmental Obstaces

  • Transportation Technology - Limited environmental intervening obstacles

Passport

An official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection

Visa

An endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

• Most migrants are more educated than the people in the country they left behind

• They leave because they do not have the opportunity to use their skills in their home countries

Interregional Migration

movement from one region to another within a single nation

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Migration Between Regions - U.S. Settlement Regions

• 1790s: Hugging the Coasts

• 1800-40: Crossing the Appalachians

• 1850-90: Rushing to the Gold

  • California gold rush in the 1840s

• 1900-40: Filling in the Great Plains

• 1950-2020: Moving South

Economic Migration within China and European Countries

• In China, nearly 100 million people have emigrated from the rural interior to large cities with many manufacturing jobs

• In Europe, millions are moving from the less  developed Eastern regions to the more developed Western regions