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Renaissance
Period of renewed interest in art, literature, and learning in Europe
14th-17th century,
characterized by the revival of classical themes and the emergence of humanism.
Humanism, secularism, individualism
Urban Phenomenon
The Medici Family
The most famous dynasty in Florence was made up of merchants and bankers,
known for their significant patronage of the arts and contributions to the Renaissance.
Ruled the Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. Family had two popes, many cardinals, and two queens.
During Italian Renaissance
secularism
a belief that life was more than a preparation for the hereafter
City-states
independent regions that were often centers of trade, culture, and political power during the Renaissance.
- Republic of Florence (most influential)
- Republic of Genoa
- Duchy of Milan
- Rome, the Papal states
- Naples
- Venice, Venetian Republic
individualism
Prominent during the Renaissance. Emphasizes living up to one’s highest potential and exceeding in all endeavors. Life of activity. Pleasure and accomplishment over religious awe.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Church of San Lorenzo - roman architecture
Il Duomo, the first dome built since ancient times, is an architecturally significant feature of the Florence Cathedral from the Renaissance period.
Leon Battista Alberti
Studied ancient Roman buildings and applied their principles to build cathedrals. Renaissance.
Donatello
Bronze statue David. First freestanding nude sculpted since ancient Rome. Renaissance.
Raphael
Considered the greatest painter of his era. Known for his masterpieces such as "The School of Athens" and his contributions to the Vatican. Conveys Renaissance style.
Leonardo Da Vinci
“Renaissance man” masterpieces like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper." Could pretty much “do it all”
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Known for masterpieces such as the Statue of David and Moses, the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Pieta (most perfect marble carving), depicted the “beauty” of God’s creations
humanism
A philosophy developed by Petrarch that focused on the unlimited potential of human beings as an end in themselves
A literary and educational movement during the Renaissance that dealt with the issue of politics and human concern over religion. Writing was a profession and not a pursuit of clergy.
Petrarch
Basically invented humanism. First “modern” writer.
Popularized the study of classical writers like Plato and Cicero. Wrote sonnets in Italian and other works in Latin. Used writing to contemplate the flow of his life + the human condition.
Marsilio Fincino
Influential in the Italian humanist movement. Catholic priest. Translated Plato’s works into Latin and first heir to the Platonic Academy.
Boccaccio
Lived during Petrarch’s time, a Florentine. Wrote the Decameron which criticized society and the clergy using entertaining tales.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince: a guide to survival for the independent city-states of Italy.
Seen as “the handbook of dictators” and “selfless and ruthless,” using statements such as “the end justifies the means”
Maintain power at all costs
“Enlightened balance” - Establish security but dont make the people hate you. feared > loved
Elizabethan Age
Reign of Elizabeth I
Renaissance in England, economic and cultural growth
Intense nationalism due to dynastic rivalries and religious turmoil
Greatest vernacular literature of all time
Thomas More, Shakespeare, etc
Christian humanism
Northern Renaissance
Renaissance curiosity for knowledge
Research Hebrew and Greek text
manorialism
Medieval social structure during the Renaissance
Nobility and monarchs held all political power
Everyone else had power based on income
Desiderius Erasmus
“The Christian gentlemen” - personified Christian humanism
Wanted gentle and loving reform of the church from within
Believed education in classics + bible was foundation of true societal reform
The Praise of Folly - criticized clergy + institutions
Wrote on humanist issues
Translated the Bible into Greek and Latin
Most famous + influential individual of his time
Enemy of Martin Luther and ally of Thomas More
Lorenzo Valla
Philology- exposed forgery in the church
Master of Letters
On Pleasure- about the Epicureans
Sir Thomas More
Wrote Utopia- criticizing abuses of institutions and blueprint for the perfect society
Roman Catholic
Behead for not supporting king against the Pope during ER
Johann Gutenburg
Popularized the printing press
Made the first interchangeable movable type
This had a massive impact on society: spread ideas, etc, and made reading more common, increasing education reading revolution.
Albrecht Dürer
Master artist during the Northern Renaissance
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse— Famous painting
Mathematician
Baldassare Castiglione
Author of The Book of the Courtier— manual for manners of the modern gentlemen (polite, skilled, and a reader)
Fuggers
Powerful family that helped the German city Augsburg peak in banking power
Most powerful financial family in Europe
Sir Francis Bacon
Scientist during the Elizabethan Age
Father of “modern science”
scientific method
empiricism - knowledge from observation and not ancient
Pico della Mirandola
Leading Italian humanist
Oration on the Dignity of Men— emphasizes free will
René Descartes
Father of modern philosophy
“Cognito, ergo sum” - “I think therefore I am”
Mechanistic view of the universe: nature explanation through mathematics.
Systematic doubt
Nicolaus Copernicus
Proved we have a heliocentric (sun-centered system. Contested the Roman Catholic view that heavenly bodies surrounded us
Caused a major milestone in the creation of a divide between religion and science
Helped mark the Renaissance as the start of the modern era
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres
Philology
The study of the history and development of languages
Civic Humanism
The idea that educated men should be active and engaged in local politics
Leonardo Bruni
Example of civil humanism during the Italian Renaissance
Argued the republicanism of ancient rome was the best form of government
Best ruled by enlightened individual
Movement to republicanism from feudalism
naturalism
More realistic art portraying the world as it was
Italian Renaissance - More idealistic side
Northern Renaissance - depict the scenes of everyday life
geometric perspective
Depth and realism to paintings
Note 
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