Studied by 209 people
photosynthesis
how plants use sunlight to make their own food, take energy from sunlight and convert it into the energy stored in the bonds of glucose
cellular respiration
take the energy stored in the bonds of glucose and break it down to produce cellular energy
where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts of leaf cells
pigment
substance that gives off color due to light absorption and reflection
chlorophyll a
main pigment for photosynthesis, mainly absorbs in the red and blue areas of the light spectrum
chlorophyll b
absorbs red-orange and blue areas of the light spectrum
carotenoids
absorbs in the blue-green and violet areas of the light spectrum
chloroplasts
has double membranes and is composed of granum, thylakoids and the stroma
granum
stack of thylakoids
thylakoids
quarter shaped discs
stroma
fluid inside the chloroplast
what are the stages of photosynthesis?
light dependent stage and calvin cycle/light independent stage
Light dependent stage of photosynthesis
light energy splits, water and oxygen is produced, ATP is formed. This occurs in the thylakoids
calvin cycle/light independent stage of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide enters the leaf, produces sugars. Occurs in the stroma
where does cellular respiration occur the most
in the mitochondria
mitochondria
double membranes made up of cristae
cristae
folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial matrix
innermost compartment of the mitochondria (fluid)
what are the 2 types of cellular respiration?
aerobic and anaerobic
aerobic
requires oxygen
anaerobic
does not require oxygen
glycolysis
glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules.
where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytosol
transition step
2 pyruvate molecules are converted into 2 coenzyme a molecules
citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle)
glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide. requires oxygen
where does the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) occur?
in the mitochondrial matrix
where does the electron transport chain occur?
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
electron transport chain
produces most of the ATP. requires oxygen
stimulus
something that happens that causes an activity
what are examples of stimuli?
temperature, lack of rain, sunlight, wind, touch/interaction
statocyte
gravity sensing cell in the root
statoliths
starch grains in the statocyte
hormones
chemical messages produced in small amounts but have a big effect.
auxin
apical dominance, cell elongation, cell suppression
cytokinin
activate cell division and dormant buds
abscisic acid and gibberellin
involved in stress response
process of seed germination
1. the embryo takes in water and swells
2. embryo secretes gibberellin into the aleurone layer and enzymes are produced
3. the enzymes move into the endosperm
4. enzymes digest in the endosperm
tropic responses
growth associated with a stimulus at an angle
positive- towards a stimulus
negative- away from a stimulus
nastic responses
growth not associated with a stimulus temporary
morphogenic response
change in the development or quality of plants
when does no response happen
doesn't happen until the threshold is met
Ex: venus flytrap
dosage
dependent response that depends on the dose
etiolation
differences in a seedlings development when it is grown in the dark, does not have many leaves, white in color and had thin/longer internodes
phototropism
plants bending towards light. First the oat tips
gravitropism
roots bend downward toward gravity
apical dominance
terminal bud produces auxin that slows the growth of other axillary buds
climacteric ripening
ethylene burst is involved and can be ripened off the plant
Ex: banana, tomato, apple
what are examples of ripening changes?
color changes, flavor changes, texture changes, size changes and smell changes
what are the benefits and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
benefits: quicker
disadvantages: no genetic diversity
what are the benefits and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
benefits: genetic diversity
disadvantages: slower than asexual reproduction
vegetative propagation
parent plant send out a runner along the ground that roots and forms a new plant
cell cycle
the life cycle of the cell from one division to the next
interphase
cell grows and copies into DNA. Longest part of the cell cycle
what are the 3 phases of interphase?
gap 1, synthesis and gap 2
cell/nuclear division
divide the DNA
cytokinesis
divide the cytoplasm
gap 1
cell grows, makes some needed proteins
synthesis
DNA is copied
gap 2
cell grows, makes final preparations for cell/nuclear division
what are the 2 types of cell/nuclear division?
mitosis, meiosis
chromatin
DNA and protein
chromosomes
condensed cromatin
sister chromatids
duplicated chromosomes
diploid
2 complete sets of chromosomes (2n)
haploid
1 complete set (n)
prophase
chromatin condenses to form visible sister chromatids, nuclear envelope and nucleolus begins to degrade and starts forming a spindle
metaphase
sister chromatids attach to the spindle and line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase
spindle shortens and the sister chromatids are pulled apart (now called chromosomes)
alteration of generations
flip between a plants asexual phase and sexual phase
gametophyte
produce gametes (haploid)
sporophyte
produce spores (diploid)
double fertilization
unique to angiosperms
1 sperm fertilizes the egg cell
1 sperm fertilizes polar nuclei to form endosperm (triploid)
population
individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time
population genetics
the study of the frequency of the alleles in a population (how they changed)
alleles
different forms of a gene
gene pool
all the alleles for all the individuals in a population
what are factors that can changes a gene pool
genetic drift, artificial selection and natural selection
genetic drift
random change in the allele frequency
artificial selection
change in the allele frequency
natural selection
survival of the fittest
variation
all members of a population cant have the same alleles
overproduction
more offspring are produced than can survive
survival to reproduce
individuals better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on that trait
species
group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
speciation
process of developing new species
allopatric speciation
involves geographic separation
sympatric speciation
involves the species remaining in the same place
divergent evolution
share a recent common ancestor but evolved into different species
adaptive evolution
rapid divergence of one species into many species
Ex: finches on galapagos
convergent evolution
natural selection chooses a trait in 2 species that don't share a recent common ancestor but occupy similar habitats.
taxonomic system in order from highest to lowest
domain (eukarya), kingdom (animalia), phylum (chordata), class (mammalia), order (primates), family (hominidae), genus (home), species (sapien)
what are the 3 domains
Archaea, Bacteria, eukarya
what are the 6 kingdoms
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
phylogenetic tree
diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
cladogram
diagram that shows development of characteristics using a series of branches
Note 
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