BIO-1023-02 TEST 2 - Burkhead

photosynthesis

how plants use sunlight to make their own food, take energy from sunlight and convert it into the energy stored in the bonds of glucose

cellular respiration

take the energy stored in the bonds of glucose and break it down to produce cellular energy

where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts of leaf cells

pigment

substance that gives off color due to light absorption and reflection

chlorophyll a

main pigment for photosynthesis, mainly absorbs in the red and blue areas of the light spectrum

chlorophyll b

absorbs red-orange and blue areas of the light spectrum

carotenoids

absorbs in the blue-green and violet areas of the light spectrum

chloroplasts

has double membranes and is composed of granum, thylakoids and the stroma

granum

stack of thylakoids

thylakoids

quarter shaped discs

stroma

fluid inside the chloroplast

what are the stages of photosynthesis?

light dependent stage and calvin cycle/light independent stage

Light dependent stage of photosynthesis

light energy splits, water and oxygen is produced, ATP is formed. This occurs in the thylakoids

calvin cycle/light independent stage of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide enters the leaf, produces sugars. Occurs in the stroma

where does cellular respiration occur the most

in the mitochondria

mitochondria

double membranes made up of cristae

cristae

folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

mitochondrial matrix

innermost compartment of the mitochondria (fluid)

what are the 2 types of cellular respiration?

aerobic and anaerobic

aerobic

requires oxygen

anaerobic

does not require oxygen

glycolysis

glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules.

where does glycolysis occur?

in the cytosol

transition step

2 pyruvate molecules are converted into 2 coenzyme a molecules

citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle)

glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide. requires oxygen

where does the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) occur?

in the mitochondrial matrix

where does the electron transport chain occur?

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

electron transport chain

produces most of the ATP. requires oxygen

stimulus

something that happens that causes an activity

what are examples of stimuli?

temperature, lack of rain, sunlight, wind, touch/interaction

statocyte

gravity sensing cell in the root

statoliths

starch grains in the statocyte

hormones

chemical messages produced in small amounts but have a big effect.

auxin

apical dominance, cell elongation, cell suppression

cytokinin

activate cell division and dormant buds

abscisic acid and gibberellin

involved in stress response

process of seed germination

1. the embryo takes in water and swells
2. embryo secretes gibberellin into the aleurone layer and enzymes are produced
3. the enzymes move into the endosperm
4. enzymes digest in the endosperm

tropic responses

growth associated with a stimulus at an angle
positive- towards a stimulus
negative- away from a stimulus

nastic responses

growth not associated with a stimulus temporary

morphogenic response

change in the development or quality of plants

when does no response happen

doesn't happen until the threshold is met
Ex: venus flytrap

dosage

dependent response that depends on the dose

etiolation

differences in a seedlings development when it is grown in the dark, does not have many leaves, white in color and had thin/longer internodes

phototropism

plants bending towards light. First the oat tips

gravitropism

roots bend downward toward gravity

apical dominance

terminal bud produces auxin that slows the growth of other axillary buds

climacteric ripening

ethylene burst is involved and can be ripened off the plant
Ex: banana, tomato, apple

what are examples of ripening changes?

color changes, flavor changes, texture changes, size changes and smell changes

what are the benefits and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

benefits: quicker
disadvantages: no genetic diversity

what are the benefits and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

benefits: genetic diversity
disadvantages: slower than asexual reproduction

vegetative propagation

parent plant send out a runner along the ground that roots and forms a new plant

cell cycle

the life cycle of the cell from one division to the next

interphase

cell grows and copies into DNA. Longest part of the cell cycle

what are the 3 phases of interphase?

gap 1, synthesis and gap 2

cell/nuclear division

divide the DNA

cytokinesis

divide the cytoplasm

gap 1

cell grows, makes some needed proteins

synthesis

DNA is copied

gap 2

cell grows, makes final preparations for cell/nuclear division

what are the 2 types of cell/nuclear division?

mitosis, meiosis

chromatin

DNA and protein

chromosomes

condensed cromatin

sister chromatids

duplicated chromosomes

diploid

2 complete sets of chromosomes (2n)

haploid

1 complete set (n)

prophase

chromatin condenses to form visible sister chromatids, nuclear envelope and nucleolus begins to degrade and starts forming a spindle

metaphase

sister chromatids attach to the spindle and line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

spindle shortens and the sister chromatids are pulled apart (now called chromosomes)

alteration of generations

flip between a plants asexual phase and sexual phase

gametophyte

produce gametes (haploid)

sporophyte

produce spores (diploid)

double fertilization

unique to angiosperms
1 sperm fertilizes the egg cell
1 sperm fertilizes polar nuclei to form endosperm (triploid)

population

individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

population genetics

the study of the frequency of the alleles in a population (how they changed)

alleles

different forms of a gene

gene pool

all the alleles for all the individuals in a population

what are factors that can changes a gene pool

genetic drift, artificial selection and natural selection

genetic drift

random change in the allele frequency

artificial selection

change in the allele frequency

natural selection

survival of the fittest

variation

all members of a population cant have the same alleles

overproduction

more offspring are produced than can survive

survival to reproduce

individuals better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on that trait

species

group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

speciation

process of developing new species

allopatric speciation

involves geographic separation

sympatric speciation

involves the species remaining in the same place

divergent evolution

share a recent common ancestor but evolved into different species

adaptive evolution

rapid divergence of one species into many species
Ex: finches on galapagos

convergent evolution

natural selection chooses a trait in 2 species that don't share a recent common ancestor but occupy similar habitats.

taxonomic system in order from highest to lowest

domain (eukarya), kingdom (animalia), phylum (chordata), class (mammalia), order (primates), family (hominidae), genus (home), species (sapien)

what are the 3 domains

Archaea, Bacteria, eukarya

what are the 6 kingdoms

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

phylogenetic tree

diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

cladogram

diagram that shows development of characteristics using a series of branches