Studied by 29 people
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
ingroup
“us”—people with whom we share a common identity.
outgroup
“them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group.
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal —creates anger, which can generate aggression.
social script
a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
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