art flashcards section 1 pt 2

How did Northern European art differ from Italian Renaissance art?

Northern European art in the 16th century showed less influence from classical antiquity and often maintained Gothic styles; northerners were less connected to ancient Rome and had less proximity to Roman works.

How did Italian Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe?

Artists traveled to Italy, Italian artists traveled north, engravings of Italian works circulated, and trade connections with Venice helped spread Renaissance ideas.

Did all Northern artists adopt Italian Renaissance techniques?

No, many northern artists maintained traditional approaches, and while linear perspective and color traveled north, they were used differently.

Who were two major Northern European Renaissance artists?

Matthias Grünewald (1475?–1528) and Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528).

What is Matthias Grünewald known for?

Religious scenes, depiction of Christ’s crucifixion; masterpiece: Isenheim Altarpiece (c. 1510–15).

What is Albrecht Dürer known for?

Combining northern naturalism with Italian Renaissance theories; traveled to Italy; published writings on art; famous for woodcuts and engravings like The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (c. 1498).

Who was Hans Holbein the Younger?

German Renaissance artist; court painter for Henry VIII; renowned portraitist; captured psychological character in portraits.

What is the Baroque period?

Art from the late 16th to mid-18th century; characterized by movement, energy, drama, and emotional appeal.

How did Baroque art differ from Renaissance art?

Less static, more dynamic and emotional; often influenced by the Counter-Reformation.

What are key characteristics of Baroque art?

Chiaroscuro, dramatic light and shadow, theatricality, emotional intensity, and grandeur.

Who was Caravaggio?

Italian Baroque painter; used dramatic light/dark contrasts (chiaroscuro); naturalistic depictions of ordinary people in religious scenes.

Who was Artemisia Gentileschi?

Baroque artist; studied with her painter father; known for self-portraits and Old Testament women; adapted Caravaggio’s techniques.

Who was Gianlorenzo Bernini?

Italian Baroque sculptor, architect, painter; famous work: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647–52); used marble to create dynamic, realistic forms.

Who was Peter Paul Rubens?

Flemish Baroque artist; large workshop; dynamic, colorful paintings influencing other European artists.

Who was Rembrandt?

Dutch Baroque artist; painter, printmaker, draftsman; famous work: The Night Watch (1642); known for inner life portrayal in portraits.

How did Baroque style peak in France?

Under Louis XIV: lavish Versailles palace, Salon exhibitions, Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, centralized artistic standards.

Who was Diego Velázquez?

Spanish Baroque painter; court painter for Philip IV; used patching of color technique influencing later Impressionists.

What is Rococo?

Art style following Baroque; light-hearted, playful, pastel colors, ornate decoration; often depicts leisure and romance of aristocracy.

Who were key Rococo artists?

Jean-Antoine Watteau (fête galante), François Boucher, Jean-Honoré Fragonard.

What is Neoclassicism?

Art style inspired by classical Greece/Rome; emphasized rational order, geometric composition, moral and civic virtues; associated with Enlightenment ideals.

Who was Jacques-Louis David?

Neoclassical painter; works include Oath of the Horatii (1784); portrayed republican virtues and later Napoleonic propaganda.

Who was Jean Dominique Ingres?

Neoclassical painter; pupil of David; sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition.

What is Romanticism?

Art style emphasizing emotion, imagination, exotic/melodramatic themes, awe-inspiring nature; reaction to Neoclassicism.

Who were key Romantic artists?

Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Géricault, William Blake.

What is Realism?

Reaction against Neoclassicism/Romanticism; depicts ordinary people and contemporary life accurately; often politically/socially engaged.

Who was Gustave Courbet?

Realist painter; depicted ordinary people and work, e.g., The Stonebreakers (1849–50); outraged conventional audiences.

Who were other Realist artists?

Honoré Daumier, Jean-François Millet.

What is Impressionism?

19th-century style capturing light and color with rapid brushstrokes, often outdoors; influenced by photography and new paint technology.

Who was Édouard Manet?

Pioneer of Impressionism; Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe (1863) challenged traditional nudes; inspired later Impressionists.

Who were key Impressionists?

Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley.

What is Post-Impressionism?

Artists built on Impressionism but explored form, structure, and color intensity; personal interpretations of nature and emotion.

Who were key Post-Impressionist artists?

Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin.

What are Cézanne’s contributions?

Redefined painting with planes, foreground/middleground/background, reduced forms to basic shapes; precursor to Cubism.

What is Seurat known for?

Pointillism; applied small dots of complementary colors to create optical mixing.

What is Vincent van Gogh known for?

Expressive brushwork, intense colors, conveying inner emotions; Night Café (1888).

What is Paul Gauguin known for?

Intense color, unschooled style; painted Tahitian landscapes and people.

How did the camera affect art?

Challenged the need for realistic depiction; encouraged alternative approaches to reality.

Who were the Pre-Raphaelites?

English artists returning to simpler pre-Renaissance styles; combined Romantic, archaic, and moralistic elements.

What is Art Nouveau?

Late 19th–early 20th-century style; flowing lines inspired by plants and nature; decoration, architecture, design.

What is Fauvism?

Early 20th-century movement emphasizing wild, arbitrary color; led by Henri Matisse.

What is Cubism?

Developed by Picasso and Braque; breaks forms into overlapping perspectives; influenced by African art; abstracted figures.

What is Expressionism?

German movement emphasizing emotion; Die Brücke (Kirchner, Nolde) and Der Blaue Reiter (Kandinsky); visible inner feelings.

Who were key abstract artists?

Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian (De Stijl).

What was the Armory Show?

1913 New York exhibition introducing modern European art to the U.S.; featured Duchamp, Picasso, Brancusi, Kandinsky.

What is the Harlem Renaissance?

1920s African-American artistic and literary movement centered in Harlem; inspiration for Jacob Lawrence, Romare Bearden, and others.

What is Dada?

Anti-art movement protesting societal norms; Marcel Duchamp: ready-mades like Fountain (1917) and LHOOQ (1919).

Who were the Surrealists?

Artists exploring the unconscious; Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, Joan Miró.

What is the Bauhaus?

German design school (1919–1933) integrating art, design, and architecture; form follows function; faculty like Josef Albers influenced U.S. art.

What is Abstract Expressionism?

1940s–50s New York movement emphasizing action painting or color fields; dramatic brushstrokes and emotion; artists: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Josef Albers.

Who were Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg?

Artists returning to everyday objects in art; Johns: flags, numbers; Rauschenberg: “combines” using found objects.

What is Pop Art?

1960s art using mass culture imagery; Andy Warhol (soup cans), Roy Lichtenstein (comic-style), Robert Indiana (stenciled signs).

What is Minimalism?

Art emphasizing simplicity, monochrome, geometric forms; Frank Stella, David Smith, Dan Flavin.

What is Photorealism?

Art style mimicking the sharp focus of photography; Chuck Close (portraits), Duane Hanson (sculptures of ordinary people).

What are Earthworks?

Large-scale outdoor artworks; Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped landscapes and monuments, fenced areas, fabric installations.

What is Performance Art?

Art where the artist is the work; exists in time; audience interaction; socially conscious examples include Guerrilla Girls.

What is Postmodernist art?

Art reacting to modernism; reintroduces traditional elements, exaggerates modernist techniques, questions contemporary society; Philip Johnson in architecture.