Unit 3: Renal

functions of the renal system

regulation of ECF/blood pressure, endocrine function, activating vitamin D/RBC, ion balance, production of urine, pH regulation, excretion of waste

organs that can change renal function

heart, brain (vasopressin), bladder (controlled by two sphincters), lungs, liver (produces vitamin D)

muscle

(blank) is the main source of urea

urea

the (blank) cycle is an expensive process, using 3 ATP and taking place partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytoplasm of the liver

nitrogenous

three ways to excrete (blank) waste is through ammonia, urea, and uric acid

ammonia

you need a lot of water to produce and excrete (blank), fish produce tons of this because low energy is needed

uric acid

you need a lot of energy to produce and excrete (blank), birds produce tons of this because Lowe water is needed (water conservation method)

kidneys

(blank) receive about 1/5 of the total CO

cortex, medulla

the kidneys have two layers, the outer, (blank), and the inner, (blank)

portal system

the kidney is a (blank), meaning there are two capillary beds connected in series (arteriole, capillary, arteriole, capillary, vein)

afferent

the (blank) arteriole in the nephron works to bring blood into the nephron (gives rise to capillary bed found in glomerulus)

efferent

the (blank) arteriole in the nephron works to take blood out of the nephron (gives rise to another set of capillaries)

cortical

(blank) nephrons are the ones that barely go into the medulla (short loop)

juxtamedullary

(blank) nephrons are the ones that go deeply into the medulla (long loop)

glomerulus

the first part of the nephron is the (blank), which contains the Bowman’s capsule and little balls of capillaries

reabsorbed

most of the liquid that travels through the kidney is (blank) back into the rest of the body

dilute

if we need to get rid of a lot of water because we have been drinking beer like crazy, we need to (blank) urine

concentrate

if we need to conserve water because we are in the desert, we need to (blank) urine

juxtamedullary

(blank) nephrons are way better at regulating water reabsorption by pulling water out of the tubules and back into the blood (water conservation method for desert mice)

fenestrated

the renal corpuscle has (blank) capillaries, meaning there are lots of pores where plasma and stuff in the plasma can flow out

podocyte

cells with little tiny feet (a lot of gaps for things to flow out of the capillaries and into Bowman’s space in the glomerulus)

clearance

comparison of blood and urine concentration of a substance

clearance

allows assessment of kidney function by examination of blood and urine

decreased

increased resistance in afferent arteriole leads to (blank) GFR (decreased renal blood flow and capillary blood pressure)

increased

increased resistance in efferent arteriole leads to (blank) GFR (increased renal blood flow and capillary blood pressure)

input renal artery

(blank) = output renal vein + ureter

sodium

in the proximal tubule, lots of things get reabsorbed, all staring with the (blank) gradient

peritubular

water is reabsorbed in the (blank) capillaries

aquaporins

water moves through channels made by proteins called (blank)

ascending

no aquaporins are present in the (blank) limb of the loop of henle, so there is no water leaving

glucose

normally, all (blank) that is filtered through the kidney is reabsorbed, mainly in the proximal tubule

saturate

glucose transport can (blank), meaning all of the transporters are occupied, leading to glucose getting into the urine (leads to diabetes mellitus)

penicillin

probenecid inhibits the secretion of (blank) so that whatever gets filtered out is lost but whatever is left stays in the system via reabsorption

inulin

(blank) clearance is equal to GFR

creatinine

if (blank) is high in plasma, it is not being put into the urine enough, so there is decreased GFR, meaning decreased renal function

decrease

(blank) pressure in the glomerulus by constricting the afferent arteriole or dilating the efferent arteriole

increase

(blank) pressure in the glomerulus by dilating the afferent arteriole or constricting the efferent arteriole

myogenic reflex

stretch in the afferent arteriole causes construction (stretch caused by increased perfusion in pressure, ultimately leading to myogenic contraction)

macula densa cells

found in the ascending loop of henle, full of mitochondria, big cilia, lots of microvilli

juxtaglomerular cells

endothelial cells line the inside of arterioles, modified arterial smooth muscle cells (electro dense inclusions)

constrict

juxtaglomerular (granule) cells (blank) arterioles to reduce GFR, secrete renin

decreases

sympathetic vasoconstriction (blank) GFR

vasoconstrictor

angiotensin II is a potent (blank), prostaglandins dilate afferent arterioles (increase GFR)

intake

water loss is compensated only by water (blank) (critical to regulate ECF)

dilute

to (blank) urine, absorb solute without water

concentrate

to (blank) urine, absorb water without solute

countercurrent multiplier

in the loop of henle, fluid flows in one direction but the capillaries are transporting blood in the opposite direction

maximal

with (blank) vasopressin, the collecting duct Is freely permeable to water (water leaves by osmosis and it carried away by the vasa recta capillaries)

absence

in the (blank) of vasopressin, the collecting duct is impermeable to water and urine is dilute