AP Human Geography

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AP Human Geography is a college-level course that explores the patterns and processes that shape human societies. It covers a wide range of topics, including:

• Population and migration

• Cultural patterns and processes

• Political organization of space

  Population and Geography

  Population

  • Population refers to the number of people living in a particular area.

  • It is an important factor in determining the economic, social, and political conditions of a region.

  • Population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period.

  Geography

  • Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere.

  • It includes the study of landforms, water bodies, climate, soil, vegetation, and other natural resources.

  • Geography plays a crucial role in determining the distribution of population across different regions.

  • The availability of natural resources, climate, and topography are some of the factors that influence the settlement patterns of people.

  Population and Geography

  • The relationship between population and geography is complex and interdependent.

  • The distribution of population across different regions is influenced by geographical factors such as climate, topography, and natural resources.

  • Population growth rate is also affected by geographical factors such as availability of food, water, and healthcare facilities.

  • Understanding the relationship between population and geography is important for policymakers to make informed decisions about resource allocation and development planning.

• Agriculture, food production, and rural land use

• Industrialization and economic development

• Urbanization and urban systems

• Environmental issues and sustainability

Course Structure

The course is divided into seven units, each of which covers a specific topic area. Students are expected to read and analyze a variety of texts, including primary sources, maps, and data sets. They will also be required to write essays and complete projects that demonstrate their understanding of the material.

Exam Format

The AP Human Geography exam consists of two sections: multiple-choice and free-response. The multiple-choice section contains 60 questions and accounts for 50% of the final score. The free-response section contains three questions and accounts for the remaining 50% of the final score.

Benefits of Taking AP Human Geography

Taking AP Human Geography can provide students with a number of benefits, including:

• Developing critical thinking and analytical skills

• Preparing for college-level coursework

  AP HUG Unit 1

  Introduction to Human Geography

  • Human geography is the study of the spatial organization of human activity and people's relationships with their environments.

  • It examines the patterns and processes of human activity on the earth's surface.

  • It is concerned with the ways in which people interact with their physical and social environments, and how these interactions vary across space and time.

  Geographic Concepts and Themes

  • Location: the position of something on the earth's surface.

  • Place: the physical and human characteristics of a location.

  • Region: an area with common characteristics that set it apart from other areas.

  • Human-Environment Interaction: the relationship between humans and their environment.

  • Movement: the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the earth's surface.

  • Spatial Interaction: the movement of people, goods, and ideas within and between regions.

  • Scale: the level of analysis, from local to global.

  Tools and Methods of Geography

  • Maps: a visual representation of the earth's surface.

  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS): computer software that allows for the analysis and mapping of geographic data.

  • Remote Sensing: the collection of data from a distance, such as satellite imagery.

  • Fieldwork: the collection of data through direct observation and measurement in the field.

  • Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: qualitative methods involve the collection of non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations, while quantitative methods involve the collection of numerical data, such as surveys or statistical analysis.

  Major Geographic Theories and Models

  • Environmental Determinism: the belief that the physical environment determines human behavior and culture.

  • Possibilism: the belief that while the physical environment may limit human behavior and culture, it does not determine it.

  • Spatial Diffusion: the spread of ideas, innovations, or behaviors from one place to another.

  • Distance Decay: the idea that the farther away a place is from another, the less likely it is that they will interact or exchange ideas.

  • Gravity Model: a model that predicts the interaction between two places based on their size and distance from each other.

• Earning college credit or advanced placement

  AP Human Geography Unit 2

  Population and Migration

  Demography

  • Demography is the study of human populations, including their size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.

  • Demographic data is used to understand population patterns and trends, and to inform policy decisions related to healthcare, education, and social welfare.

  Population Growth

  • Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population over time.

  • The rate of population growth is influenced by factors such as birth rates, death rates, and migration.

  • The demographic transition model is a framework for understanding population growth, which identifies four stages of development based on changes in birth and death rates.

  Migration

  • Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, either within a country or across international borders.

  • Push and pull factors are the reasons why people migrate, such as economic opportunities, political instability, or environmental factors.

  • The impact of migration can be both positive and negative, depending on the context and the perspectives of different stakeholders.

  Population Distribution

  • Population distribution refers to the spatial arrangement of people within a given area.

  • Factors that influence population distribution include physical geography, economic opportunities, and political factors.

  • Population density is a measure of the number of people per unit of area, and can vary widely within and between countries.

  Urbanization

  • Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in urban areas.

  • The growth of cities is influenced by factors such as economic development, transportation infrastructure, and social and cultural factors.

  • Urbanization can have both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment, and can lead to challenges such as urban sprawl, traffic congestion, and social inequality.

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• Enhancing their college applications

• Gaining a deeper understanding of the world around them

Overall, AP Human Geography is a challenging and rewarding course that can help students develop a greater appreciation for the complexity and diversity of human societies.

AP Human Geography Unit 3 and 4

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Cultural Traits and Diffusion

• Culture is learned and shared behavior and beliefs of a group of people.

• Cultural traits are individual elements of culture.

• Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural traits from one society to another.

Cultural Regions

• Cultural regions are areas where people share common cultural traits.

• Formal regions have a high level of consistency in a certain cultural trait.

• Functional regions have a central point where the cultural trait is most intense and diminishes as it spreads outwards.

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• Vernacular regions are perceived regions based on people's mental maps.

Cultural Landscapes

• Cultural landscapes are the visible human imprint on the landscape.

• They reflect the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture.

Language

• Language is a system of communication through speech.

• Language families are groups of languages that share a common ancestor.

• Language dialects are regional variations of a language.

Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes

States and Nations

• A state is a politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territory, and government.

• A nation is a group of people with a common culture and identity.

• A nation-state is a state that has a single nation within its borders.

Political Systems

• Democracy is a political system where citizens have a say in the government through voting.

• Authoritarianism is a political system where the government has complete control over citizens.

• Totalitarianism is a political system where the government has complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives.

Supranational Organizations

• Supranational organizations are groups of states that come together for a common purpose.

• The European Union is an example of a supranational organization.

Geopolitics

• Geopolitics is the study of the relationship between geography and politics.

• It examines how geography influences political decisions and how political decisions affect geography.

AP Human Geography Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agricultural Revolution

• The Agricultural Revolution was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

• The Agricultural Revolution led to the development of new farming techniques, such as crop rotation and the use of fertilizers, which increased crop yields and allowed for more efficient farming practices.

• The Agricultural Revolution also led to an increase in population growth and urbanization, as people were able to produce more food and live in larger cities.

Types of Agriculture

• Subsistence agriculture is a type of agriculture in which farmers grow crops and raise animals for their own consumption, rather than for sale.

• Commercial agriculture is a type of agriculture in which farmers grow crops and raise animals for sale in markets.

• Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial agriculture in which large farms are owned by wealthy individuals or corporations, and crops are grown for export.

Agricultural Regions

• Agricultural regions are areas of the world where specific types of crops are grown or specific types of farming practices are used.

• The United States has several agricultural regions, including the Corn Belt, the Wheat Belt, and the Dairy Belt.

• Other agricultural regions around the world include the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Rural Land Use

• Rural land use refers to the ways in which land is used in rural areas, such as for farming, forestry, and mining.

• Land use in rural areas is often influenced by factors such as climate, topography, and soil quality.

• Rural land use can also be influenced by government policies, such as zoning laws and land preservation programs.

Environmental Issues

• Agriculture can have a significant impact on the environment, including soil erosion, water pollution, and deforestation.

• Sustainable agriculture practices, such as organic farming and conservation tillage, can help to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture.

• Government policies, such as subsidies for sustainable agriculture practices, can also encourage farmers to adopt more environmentally friendly farming practices.

AP Human Geography Unit 6

Industrialization and Economic Development

Key Concepts

• Industrial Revolution

• Economic Sectors

• Core-Periphery Model

• Rostow's Modernization Model

• Dependency Theory

• World Systems Theory

• Globalization

Industrial Revolution

• Began in Great Britain in the late 18th century

• Shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing

• Led to increased productivity and economic growth

• Spread to other parts of Europe and North America in the 19th century

Economic Sectors

• Primary Sector: Extracting raw materials from the earth (farming, mining, fishing)

• Secondary Sector: Manufacturing and construction

• Tertiary Sector: Service industries (retail, healthcare, education)

Core-Periphery Model

• Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein

• Core countries: Developed, wealthy nations that control and exploit peripheral countries

• Periphery countries: Less developed, poorer nations that provide raw materials and cheap labor to core countries

Rostow's Modernization Model

• Developed by Walt Rostow

• Five stages of economic development:

  1. Traditional Society

  2. Preconditions for Takeoff

  3. Takeoff

  4. Drive to Maturity

  5. High Mass Consumption

Dependency Theory

• Developed by Andre Gunder Frank

• Poor countries are dependent on wealthy countries for economic growth and development

• Wealthy countries exploit poor countries for resources and labor

World Systems Theory

• Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein

• Three-tier structure of the global economy:

  1. Core countries: Developed, wealthy nations

  2. Semi-peripheral countries: Developing nations with some industrialization

  3. Periphery countries: Less developed, poorer nations

Globalization

• The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, and technology

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AP Human Geography Unit 7

Economic Geography

• Economic geography is the study of how people earn their living, how economic systems vary by region and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked.

• Economic activities can be classified into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors.

• Economic development can be measured using indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index (GDI).

Industrialization

• Industrialization is the process by which a society transforms from an agricultural-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy.

• Industrialization has led to the growth of urban areas, the development of transportation systems and the rise of multinational corporations.

• Industrialization has also led to environmental degradation, social inequality and the exploitation of labor.

Globalization

• Globalization is the process by which economies, societies and cultures become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade.

• Globalization has led to the growth of transnational corporations, the spread of Western culture and the homogenization of local cultures.

• Globalization has also led to the widening gap between rich and poor countries, the loss of jobs in developed countries and the exploitation of workers in developing countries.

Development

• Development is the process by which a society improves its standard of living, reduces poverty and inequality and increases its level of education and health.

• Development can be measured using indicators such as GDP, HDI and GDI.

• Development can be hindered by factors such as corruption, political instability and environmental degradation.

Agriculture

• Agriculture is the practice of cultivating crops and raising animals for food, fuel, fiber and other products.

• Agriculture can be classified into subsistence and commercial farming.

• Agriculture has led to the growth of rural areas, the development of irrigation systems and the use of genetically modified crops.

Conclusion

• Economic geography, industrialization, globalization, development and agriculture are all interconnected and have significant impacts on human societies and the environment.

• Understanding these concepts is essential for analyzing and addressing global issues such as poverty, inequality, environmental degradation and social justice.

AP Human Geography Unit 8: Political Geography

Introduction

• Political geography is the study of the spatial aspects of political affairs.

• It examines the ways in which political processes and systems affect the world and how the world affects political systems.

State

• A state is a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government.

• States are recognized by other states and have sovereignty over their territory.

• Examples of states include the United States, China, and Russia.

Nation

• A nation is a group of people who share a common culture, language, history, or ethnicity.

• A nation may or may not have a state.

• Examples of nations without a state include the Kurds and the Palestinians.

Nation-State

• A nation-state is a state that is dominated by a single nation.

• Examples of nation-states include Japan and Iceland.

Multinational State

• A multinational state is a state that contains more than one nation.

• Examples of multinational states include Canada and Belgium.

Stateless Nation

• A stateless nation is a nation that does not have a state.

• Examples of stateless nations include the Kurds and the Palestinians.

Colonialism

• Colonialism is the practice of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

• Colonialism has had a significant impact on the political geography of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia.

Supranational Organizations

• Supranational organizations are organizations that operate beyond the boundaries of individual states.

• Examples of supranational organizations include the European Union and the United Nations.

Conclusion

• Political geography is an important field of study that helps us understand the ways in which political systems and processes affect the world.

• It is essential to have a good understanding of political geography to understand the complex political issues facing the world today.

AP HUG Unit 9: Development and Industry

Key Concepts

• Development: the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year

• Gross National Income (GNI): the total value of goods and services produced by a country's economy in a year, including income from abroad

• Human Development Index (HDI): a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development

• Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods

• Outsourcing: the practice of hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs

• Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth: a model of economic development that describes a country's progression from traditional society to a modern industrialized state

• Sustainable Development: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Industrialization and Development

• Industrialization is a key factor in economic development, as it allows for increased production and efficiency

• Countries that have successfully industrialized have seen significant improvements in their standard of living and overall development

• However, industrialization can also have negative impacts on the environment and can lead to social and economic inequalities

Globalization and Development

• Globalization has led to increased economic interdependence between countries, which has both positive and negative impacts on development

• Outsourcing has become a common practice in many industries, which can lead to job loss in developed countries but can also provide employment opportunities in developing countries

• The rise of multinational corporations has also had significant impacts on development, as these companies often have significant influence over the economies of the countries in which they operate

Challenges to Development

• Many countries face significant challenges to development, including poverty, political instability, and environmental degradation

• The Human Development Index is one tool used to measure development, but it has been criticized for not taking into account factors such as inequality and environmental sustainability

• Sustainable development is an important goal for many countries, as it seeks to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity.