Cells
smallest units that perform vital physical functions
Cell membrane
outer boundary of the cell, aka. plasma membrane or plasmalemma
isolation, regulates exchanges, structural support
phospholipids, proteins(integral proteins or channel proteins), carbs
Cytoplasm
substance that holds organelles, has more proteins than extracellular fluid,
Nucleus
control center of cell, nuclear membrane, nucleoli
Passive transport
high concentration to low
simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Osmosis
force of water movement, towards a concentration of higher solute
isotonic(equal), hypotonic(flow into), hypertonic(flow out of)
Active transport
substances from low concentration to high concentration
endocytosis(pino/phagocytosis), exocytosis, sodium-potassium exchange pump
Non-membranous organelles
cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, flagella, cillia, ribosomes
Membranous organelles
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, perioxisomes, nucleus
Ribosomes
protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
interconnected membrane with nuclear membrane
synthesis, storage, transport, detox
Smooth ER
synthesis and detox, storage and removal of calcium
Rough ER
protein synthesis (ribosomes), and protein storage
Golgi apparatus
communicates with vesicles to ER and cell surface
synthesis and packaging of secretions, renewal and mod of cell surface, packaging of enzymes
Lysosomes
from golgi, contain enzymes to digest, defend against diseases, and recycle; "trash compacter and recycler"
mitochondria
powerhouse, double membrane
Cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
Microvilli
finger-like extensions, located in lining of digestive tract
Cilia
hair-like extensions, lining respiratory tract and fallopian tube
flagella
tail-like projections, sperm cells
Nuclear membrane
contains nuclear pores, selectively permeable
nucleolus
of rna and proteins, synthesizes ribosomes and ribosomal DNA
Chromosomes
twisted DNA strands into a double helix
DNA replication
dna uncoils, hydrogen bases break, serves new template, line up with compliments, polymerase links back up
Protein synthesis
transcription: copies info from a segment of DNA into mRNA
mRNA leaves to ribosome with compliment of DNA translation: translates the codons of the mRNA with tRNA into protein
Cell division
IPMAT interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (cytokinesis)
interphase
normal cellular functions, prep for division, cell growth and dna replication
prophase
pairs of chromosomes are made apparent as nuclear membrane falls, centrioles form at the poles to form spindle fibers
metaphase
chromosomes line in the middle (metaphase plate), centromeres attach to spindle fibers
anaphase
centromeres separate pulling chromosomes to the poles, cytokinesis begins
telophase
chromosome migration complete, nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes, cleavage furrow apparent
cytokinesis
true division of the cell