Cells and Cell Functions

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Biology

Cells

32 Terms

1

Cells

smallest units that perform vital physical functions

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2

Cell membrane

outer boundary of the cell, aka. plasma membrane or plasmalemma

  • isolation, regulates exchanges, structural support

  • phospholipids, proteins(integral proteins or channel proteins), carbs

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3

Cytoplasm

substance that holds organelles, has more proteins than extracellular fluid,

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4

Nucleus

control center of cell, nuclear membrane, nucleoli

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5

Passive transport

high concentration to low

  • simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration

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6

Osmosis

force of water movement, towards a concentration of higher solute

  • isotonic(equal), hypotonic(flow into), hypertonic(flow out of)

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7

Active transport

substances from low concentration to high concentration

  • endocytosis(pino/phagocytosis), exocytosis, sodium-potassium exchange pump

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8

Non-membranous organelles

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, flagella, cillia, ribosomes

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9

Membranous organelles

mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, perioxisomes, nucleus

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10

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

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11

Endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected membrane with nuclear membrane

  • synthesis, storage, transport, detox

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12

Smooth ER

synthesis and detox, storage and removal of calcium

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13

Rough ER

protein synthesis (ribosomes), and protein storage

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14

Golgi apparatus

communicates with vesicles to ER and cell surface

  • synthesis and packaging of secretions, renewal and mod of cell surface, packaging of enzymes

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15

Lysosomes

from golgi, contain enzymes to digest, defend against diseases, and recycle; "trash compacter and recycler"

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16

mitochondria

powerhouse, double membrane

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17

Cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence

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18

Microvilli

finger-like extensions, located in lining of digestive tract

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19

Cilia

hair-like extensions, lining respiratory tract and fallopian tube

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20

flagella

tail-like projections, sperm cells

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21

Nuclear membrane

contains nuclear pores, selectively permeable

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22

nucleolus

of rna and proteins, synthesizes ribosomes and ribosomal DNA

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23

Chromosomes

twisted DNA strands into a double helix

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24

DNA replication

dna uncoils, hydrogen bases break, serves new template, line up with compliments, polymerase links back up

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25

Protein synthesis

transcription: copies info from a segment of DNA into mRNA

  • mRNA leaves to ribosome with compliment of DNA translation: translates the codons of the mRNA with tRNA into protein

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26

Cell division

IPMAT interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (cytokinesis)

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27

interphase

normal cellular functions, prep for division, cell growth and dna replication

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28

prophase

pairs of chromosomes are made apparent as nuclear membrane falls, centrioles form at the poles to form spindle fibers

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29

metaphase

chromosomes line in the middle (metaphase plate), centromeres attach to spindle fibers

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30

anaphase

centromeres separate pulling chromosomes to the poles, cytokinesis begins

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31

telophase

chromosome migration complete, nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes, cleavage furrow apparent

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32

cytokinesis

true division of the cell

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