Chp 15: Delivery

BOOK: pgs. 223-238

PDF: pgs. 233-248

What you need to Know

Vocal delivery: pronunciation, articulation, volume, pitch, rate, tone, vocalized pauses (fillers)
Physical delivery: eye contact, appearance, gestures, stance, posture, facial expressions, comfortable, yet professional movement), monotone
Forms of Delivery: memorized speech, manuscript, extemporaneous (most modern form of public speaking and what you did in our class), impromptu
Communication and Speech Apprehension
Communibiological Theory
Ways to reduce speech anxiety (lecture)
Systematic Desensitization
Visualization
Communication Orientation Motivation theory
Cognitive Restructuring (replacing negative self-talk with positive self-talk)
Power Pose (who suggested this and what does it involve)
Meditation, breathing exercises
Exercise, stretching
Rehearse-practice-prepare
Presentation Aids: objects, models, demonstrations, charts, graphs (numerical comparisons), photos, videos, audio, multimedia slides

Forms of Delivery

Vocal Delivery - vocalics
- Pronunciation - how a word should sound according to a rule or standard
- Articulation - the process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word
- Volume - how loud or soft the sound of your voice is when you speak
- Pitch - how high or low your voice sounds when you speak
- Rhythm - the pattern or cadence of movement in your voice
- Rate - how fast or slow you speak
- Tone - how warm is your voice fillers
- Vocalized pauses - filler words that many speakers use when they feel like they should be saying something but do not have anything to say
Physical Delivery - aka nonverbal delivery, all of the physical signals your body sends to your audience during your speech
- Physical appearance - includes your apparel and grooming
- Posture - the position of your body when you are speaking
- Facial expressions - the way the position and movement of your facial features convey emotion and engagement
- Gestures - the movements of your hands and arms
- Eye contact - looking members of your audience in the eyes while speaking
- Will Stephens - “How to Sound Smart in Your Ted Talk” (2015)
Types of delivered speeches
- Memorized - a speech the speaker commits to memory and delivers without the use of any notes
- Manuscript - a speech the speaker writes out word for word in an essay format and delivers by reading from the manuscript
- Extemporaneous - a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking online
- Impromptu - a speech presented with little or no preparation

Communication Apprehension

Communication apprehension - the fear or anxiety for real or anticipated communication with another or others; defined by James McCroskey
Trait CA - the amount of communication anxiety you were born with and naturally have due to genetics
State CA - anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicating
Communibiological theory - states that CA is inborn-people tend to be more introverted or extroverted in nature

Strategies to Reduce CA

Ways to reduce speech anxiety:

Systematic Desensitization - the process by which a person is slowly introduced to something they fear so that each time they overcome the fear, the intensity is decreased
Self-fulfilling prophecy - convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, this leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected
Visualization
Communication Orientation Motivation (COM) theory
Cognitive Restructuring (replacing negative self-talk with positive self-talk)
Power Pose (who suggested this and what does it involve)
Meditation, breathing exercises
Exercise, stretching
Rehearse-practice-prepare
Speak in a conversational tone

Presentation Aids

Presentation aids: additional resources for engaging audience
Types of aids
- Objects - physical items you discuss in your speech
- Models - scaled physical representations of things
- Demonstrations - involve enacting the process you are trying to teach the audience
- Keep it simple and highlight the main ideas of your speech

Traditional Presentation Aids

Charts - shows numeric data in a series of rows and columns
Line graphs - uses lines along two axes to show changes in values over time
Bar graphs - have two axes and either horizontal or vertical bars that show the total number of items or levels of achievement in each category
Histograms - a type of frequency that shows the proportion of individuals that obtained a certain level lof achievement along a continuum
Pie graph - a round graph that has slices that represent how large the proportion of that particular category is compared to the whole
Scatterplot - a graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables
Photographs
Video or audio clips

Multimedia Technology

PowerPoint, Spark, etc. are helpful ways to display information to the audience
Might embed clips or other aids into the slideshow
If used poorly, they distract, however
- Don’t put too much on slides
- Choose fonts and colors that don’t distract
- Keep unnecessary information off slides

Using Delivery to Encourage Dialogue

Check pronunciations before speaking
Engage with your audience
Practice, practice, and then practice again
Choose presentation aids to increase understanding
Choose interesting vocal delivery methods