Chp 15: Delivery

BOOK: pgs. 223-238

PDF: pgs. 233-248

What you need to Know

• Vocal delivery: pronunciation, articulation, volume, pitch, rate, tone, vocalized pauses (fillers)

• Physical delivery: eye contact, appearance, gestures, stance, posture, facial expressions, comfortable, yet professional movement), monotone

• Forms of Delivery: memorized speech, manuscript, extemporaneous (most modern form of public speaking and what you did in our class), impromptu

• Communication and Speech Apprehension

• Communibiological Theory

• Ways to reduce speech anxiety (lecture)

• Systematic Desensitization

• Visualization

• Communication Orientation Motivation theory

• Cognitive Restructuring (replacing negative self-talk with positive self-talk)

• Power Pose (who suggested this and what does it involve)

• Meditation, breathing exercises

• Exercise, stretching

• Rehearse-practice-prepare

• Presentation Aids: objects, models, demonstrations, charts, graphs (numerical comparisons), photos, videos, audio, multimedia slides

Forms of Delivery

• Vocal Delivery - vocalics

  • Pronunciation - how a word should sound according to a rule or standard

  • Articulation - the process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word

  • Volume - how loud or soft the sound of your voice is when you speak

  • Pitch - how high or low your voice sounds when you speak

  • Rhythm - the pattern or cadence of movement in your voice

  • Rate - how fast or slow you speak

  • Tone - how warm is your voice fillers

  • Vocalized pauses - filler words that many speakers use when they feel like they should be saying something but do not have anything to say

• Physical Delivery - aka nonverbal delivery, all of the physical signals your body sends to your audience during your speech

  • Physical appearance - includes your apparel and grooming

  • Posture - the position of your body when you are speaking

  • Facial expressions - the way the position and movement of your facial features convey emotion and engagement

  • Gestures - the movements of your hands and arms

  • Eye contact - looking members of your audience in the eyes while speaking

  • Will Stephens - “How to Sound Smart in Your Ted Talk” (2015)

• Types of delivered speeches

  • Memorized - a speech the speaker commits to memory and delivers without the use of any notes

  • Manuscript - a speech the speaker writes out word for word in an essay format and delivers by reading from the manuscript

  • Extemporaneous - a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking online

  • Impromptu - a speech presented with little or no preparation

Communication Apprehension

• Communication apprehension - the fear or anxiety for real or anticipated communication with another or others; defined by James McCroskey

• Trait CA - the amount of communication anxiety you were born with and naturally have due to genetics

• State CA - anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicating

• Communibiological theory - states that CA is inborn-people tend to be more introverted or extroverted in nature

Strategies to Reduce CA

Ways to reduce speech anxiety:

• Systematic Desensitization - the process by which a person is slowly introduced to something they fear so that each time they overcome the fear, the intensity is decreased

• Self-fulfilling prophecy - convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, this leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

• Visualization

• Communication Orientation Motivation (COM) theory

• Cognitive Restructuring (replacing negative self-talk with positive self-talk)

• Power Pose (who suggested this and what does it involve)

• Meditation, breathing exercises

• Exercise, stretching

• Rehearse-practice-prepare

• Speak in a conversational tone

Presentation Aids

• Presentation aids: additional resources for engaging audience

• Types of aids

  • Objects - physical items you discuss in your speech

  • Models - scaled physical representations of things

  • Demonstrations - involve enacting the process you are trying to teach the audience

  • Keep it simple and highlight the main ideas of your speech

Traditional Presentation Aids

• Charts - shows numeric data in a series of rows and columns

• Line graphs - uses lines along two axes to show changes in values over time

• Bar graphs - have two axes and either horizontal or vertical bars that show the total number of items or levels of achievement in each category

• Histograms - a type of frequency that shows the proportion of individuals that obtained a certain level lof achievement along a continuum

• Pie graph - a round graph that has slices that represent how large the proportion of that particular category is compared to the whole

• Scatterplot - a graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables

• Photographs

• Video or audio clips

Multimedia Technology

• PowerPoint, Spark, etc. are helpful ways to display information to the audience

• Might embed clips or other aids into the slideshow

• If used poorly, they distract, however

  • Don’t put too much on slides

  • Choose fonts and colors that don’t distract

  • Keep unnecessary information off slides

Using Delivery to Encourage Dialogue

• Check pronunciations before speaking

• Engage with your audience

• Practice, practice, and then practice again

• Choose presentation aids to increase understanding

• Choose interesting vocal delivery methods