Stuff for AP Bio

science

amplification

The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.

apoptosis

A program of controlled cell suicide

epinephrine

water soluble ligand molecule

A catecholamine that

when secreted by the adrenal medulla

also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter

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G protein

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor

gap junction

A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals

the animal equivalent of starch.

ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule

often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell.

ligand-gated ion channel

A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand)

local regulator

A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.

protein kinase

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

protein phosphatase

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins

receptor tyrosine kinase

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane

signal transduction

The linkage of a mechanical

testosterone

A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system

the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones.

transcription factor

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway.

three stages of cell communication

reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule

transduction - translation and amplification of message

response - activation of cellular response

g-linked protein receptor

receives message for g-linked protein signaling pathway. Consists of seven alpha helices that span the plasma membrane. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds.

signal transduction pathway

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

local regulators

These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.

hormones

Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells

ligand

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule

protein kinase

The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.

protein phosphatases

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.

reception

The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.

transduction

The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.

response

The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.

G-protein-linked receptor

A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.

receptor tyrosine kinase

A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once

ligand-gated ion channel

Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.

sexual reproduction

reproduction that results from combining genetic material from two individuals.

meiosis

type of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells that each have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Diploid

A cell containing two full sets of chromosomes 2n\=46.

Haploid

A cell containing a single/ half set of chromosomes n\=23

Gametes

A haploid male or female germ cell (e.g. sperm and egg)

gene

a section of the DNA (chromosome) that codes for a specific trait (e.g. eye color or hair color)

crossing over

when homologous chromosomes exchange genes during Prophase 1 creating new mixture of parent traits in their offspring

Meiosis I

PMAT I: The first cell division of meiosis when the homologous pairs are split up into two separate cells.

Meiosis II

PMAT II: The second cell division of meiosis. This is when the sister chromatids are split up into two separate cells.

Mitosis

Produces cells almost genetically identical

Asexual reproduction

Has the advantage of producing offspring in greater numbers

23 pairs of chromosomes

How many pairs of chromosomes present in humans

Chromosome

Coiled up DNA

Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA. Present in interphase

Homologous Chromosomes

Carry the same genes at the same locus (location).
Ex. Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 1

Function and location of Mitosis

Cell division for growth

Function and location of Meiosis

Cell division for gamete production (sperm and eggs).
PMATPMAT

Phases of the Cell Cycle

1. Interphase (G1

Parts of Interphase

DNA is chromatin
G1- growth/protein synthesis
S- DNA replication
G2- growth/protein synthesis

Events in Prophase

Chromatin coils up into chromosomes.
Centrioles move to poles.
Spindle fibres and asters form. Nucleus and nucleolus
disappear.

Events in Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
MIDDLE

Anaphase

APART! Centromeres divide.

Telophase

Cleavage furrow forms.

Cytokinesis

Cell divides into two. Cell plate forms in plant cells.

Sexual Reproduction

Requires male and female gametes. Variation.

Asexual Reproduction

One parent only. (cloning)
Mitosis.

Crossing over

Homologous chromosomes may exchange genetic material during prophase I.
Occurs more often in genes that are further apart.

Prophase I

Synapsis - homologous chromosomes (tetrads) pair up.
Crossing over may occur - exchange of genetic material.

Metaphase I

Homologous pairs line up in the middle on the metaphase plate.

Anaphase I

Segregation - Homologous pairs separate to opposite poles.

Telophase I

Cleavage furrow. Replicated chromosomes reach the poles.

Prophase II

Chromosomes can be seen.
Cells are haploid (n).

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase II

Centromeres split. Single chromosomes move apart.

Telophase II

Cleavage furrow.

Zygote

sperm + egg
2n

amplification

The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.

apoptosis

A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.

epinephrine

water soluble ligand molecule; A catecholamine that, when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight

G protein

A GTP

gap junction

A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule; often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell.

ligand

gated ion channel

local regulator

A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.

protein kinase

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.

protein phosphatase

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

receptor tyrosine kinase

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.

signal transduction

The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.

testosterone

A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones.

transcription factor

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone

three stages of cell communication

reception

g

linked protein receptor

signal transduction pathway

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

local regulators

These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.

hormones

Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.

ligand

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.

protein kinase

The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.

protein phosphatases

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.

reception

The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.

transduction

The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.

response

The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.

G

protein