APUSH 4-5

Federalists

Supported an orderly central government, key figures included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. They were an early political party advocating for economic stability and control.

Marbury v

1803 Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, allowing courts to check legislative and executive branches, solidifying separation of powers.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson's acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803 for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and raising questions about presidential power.

Democratic-Republicans

Early political party opposing Federalists, supporting states' rights and agrarianism. Key members were Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Aaron Burr.

John Marshall

Fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a Federalist who reinforced federal law supremacy and established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison.

Twelfth Amendment

Ratified in 1804, changed Electoral College to elect president and vice president as a unified ticket, preventing tie votes like the one in 1800 between Jefferson and Burr.

Quids

A group founded in 1805 by John Randolph that aimed to limit the role of the federal government.

Yazoo land scandal

A real estate fraud case in Georgia during the mid-1790s that led to a schism within the Democratic-Republican party.

Tripolitan War

A conflict fought (1801–1805) between the U.S. Navy and Mediterranean pirates, also known as the First Barbary War.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of European conflicts (1803–1815) stemming from the French Revolution, involving Napoleon Bonaparte and European powers.

USS Chesapeake

Incident in 1807 where the British ship Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake, leading to the Embargo Act of 1807.

Embargo Act of 1807

Legislation passed in response to British and French harassment of American shipping, repealed in 1809 and replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo Act, allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France.

War hawks

Politicians like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who advocated for the War of 1812 to remove British influence from North America.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Conflict in 1811 between American forces under William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh’s Confederacy.

War of 1812

Conflict fought between the U.S. and Britain from 1812 to 1815, often termed the Second War of Independence.

Fort McHenry

Base in Baltimore involved in the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812, inspiring the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Francis Scott Key

Author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," the U.S. national anthem.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh President known for his defense of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and other political actions.

Battle of New Orleans

Battle in 1815 between U.S. forces led by Andrew Jackson and British forces, a lopsided American victory.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a draw, signed on December 24, 1814, with no major concessions from either side.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists in 1814–1815 to discuss grievances over the Embargo Act and the War of 1812.

James Tallmadge

New York senator who proposed the Tallmadge Amendment related to slavery in Missouri.

Missouri Compromise

Legislation proposed by Henry Clay to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity following the War of 1812, marked by a decline in partisanship.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth President known for his varied political affiliations and opposition to slavery.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy doctrine proposed by President Monroe in 1823 to prevent European colonization in Latin America.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff imposed to safeguard American manufacturing post-War of 1812, unpopular in the South due to its impact on agriculture.

Daniel Webster

U.S. senator and Secretary of State known for his political roles in the 19th century.

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay, aimed to boost manufacturing, revenue for internal improvements, and infrastructure development through measures like protective tariffs and the recharter of the Bank of the United States.

Second Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1816, patterned after Hamilton's design, contributed to the Panic of 1819, and was abolished by Andrew Jackson, leading to economic instability until the Federal Reserve System.

Rise of the Common Man

Jacksonian Democrats era saw universal male suffrage, shifting power to the common people from the wealthy elite.

Democrats

Emerged from Democratic-Republicans, supported agrarian economy, states' rights, and the common man's political power.

National Republicans

Faction opposing Jackson, evolved into the Whig Party, sharing similarities with the Federalist Party.

Whig Party

Formed in opposition to Jacksonian Democrats, advocated economic nationalism, strong central government, and American System policies.

Two-party system

Long-standing U.S. political system with dominant parties, evolving through different party systems.

McCulloch v

1819 case establishing federal supremacy over states, ruling that states couldn't tax federal institutions.

Specie Circular

Jackson's policy requiring hard coin for federal land purchases, contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Tariff of 1828

Provoked Southern anger, leading to nullification threats, resolved by the Tariff of 1832 and Force Bill.

Spoils system

Political corruption rewarding supporters with government positions, favored by Jackson.

Indian Removal Act

Forced resettlement of American Indians, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Second Great Awakening

Religious movement emphasizing emotional appeal, abolitionism, and social reform.

Cult of domesticity

Shift in women's roles to homemaking and motherhood during the Industrial Revolution.

Abolitionists

Advocates for ending slavery, influenced by Enlightenment ideas and moral beliefs.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, mirroring the Declaration of Independence, asserting equality for all men and women and advocating for women's suffrage.

American Anti-slavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, opposed slave traders and owners, leading to divisions over the participation of women in the movement.

Liberty Party

Splinter faction of the American Anti-slavery Society accepting women members, formed due to disagreements over women's involvement.

Foreign Anti-slavery Society

Splinter faction of the American Anti-slavery Society that did not accept women members, contrasting with the Liberty Party.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped slave who aided others through the Underground Railroad, supported John Brown, and advocated for women's suffrage post-Civil War.

Sojourner Truth

African American abolitionist and suffragist known for her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech advocating for abolitionism and women's rights.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave, abolitionist, and writer who published anti-slavery works, supported legal means to fight slavery, and backed women's suffrage.

Underground Railroad

Network aiding slaves' escape to free states and Canada, supported by figures like Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Enslaved African American's 1831 uprising leading to harsher laws against African Americans and restrictions on their rights and education.

Mormon

Member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon Church, who claimed to have translated a sacred text and was murdered in 1844.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Informally known as the Mormon Church, founded by Joseph Smith and later led by Brigham Young.

Brigham Young

Successor to Joseph Smith, led Mormons to settle in present-day Utah.

Transcendentalists

Artists and writers emphasizing emotions, nature, and individualism, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Hudson River School

Romantic era painters known for large-scale landscape paintings.

Knickerbockers

Members of the Knickerbocker Group, American authors influenced by nationalism post-War of 1812, including Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper.

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the steamboat in 1807, revolutionizing river travel and trade.

Erie Canal

Completed in 1825, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, reducing shipping costs and fostering economic growth.

Nativists

Anti-immigrant activists in the 19th century, particularly against Irish, Germans, and Chinese immigrants.

American Party (Know-Nothing Party)

Nativist political party opposing immigration and Roman Catholics in office, known for its secretive nature.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin in 1793, leading to the expansion of cotton production and the growth of slavery in the South.

King Cotton

Term for the lucrative cotton industry fueled by the cotton gin, expanding slavery and making the Civil War inevitable.

Slave codes

Laws aimed at oppressing enslaved Africans, discouraging free blacks, and preventing revolts, supporting the slave economy and suppressing resistance.