PHIHIS Midterm Examinations

Spices

Out of all Asian products, it was the most expensive and in-demand commodity among Europeans due to numerous uses.

Silk Road or Arabian-Italian trade route

Asian goods reached Europe in two (2) trade routes, which were expenses and disrupted by wars, natural calamities, and bandits.

Moluccas

The infamous spice islands

Westward

The Spanish monarch supported the plan of Ferdinand Magellan to go to the east by sailing _

Christopher Columbus

The Spanish financed the trans-Atlantic voyages of which resulted int he discovery of the territories on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.

August 20, 1519

The Magellan-Elcano expedition left the port in Seville on _

Sanlucar de Barrameda in Seville

The Magellan-Elcano expedition left the port of _ on 1519

• Victoria

• Conception

• Trinidad

Out of the five ships that left Spain, only three reached the Philippine which are:

Trinidad

The flagship of Magellan in his expedition

Lapu-lapu

The chieftain of Mactan who refused to trade with the Spaniards and whom Magellan waged war with.

Antonio Pigafetta

The assistant of Magellan who kept a journal, among the eighteen (18) survivors who returned to Spain after circumnavigation

September 6, 1522

The date when Pigafetta completed the circumnavigation around the world, arriving Spain with eighteen (18) other crewmates

Juan Sebastian Elcano

The captain of Victoria, the ship that only made it to Spain after the circumnavigation

Luis de Mendoza

The former captain of Victoria who was replaced by a mutiny (refusal to follow orders)

Enrique de Malacca

Magellan’s slave or interpreter, aided Pigafetta in attaining information about the locals in the Philippines

March 16, 1521

The date when the Spaniards accidentally set foot in the Philippines

Zamal

Magellan and his men sighted the island of ____, but moved to an inhibited island.

Uraca

What locals call “palm wine” during the arrival of Magellan

Zuluan

The island where Magellan anchored on which belonged to the native men who became hospitable to the Spaniards.

Humunu (Homonhon)

The island where Magellan and his men stayed during their stay in the Philippines

Acquada da li buoni Segnialli

The Watering-place of good Signs, springs of clearest water for there were the first signs of gold.

Archipelago of San Lazaro

The island Magellan and his crew named after it was discovered on the Sabbath of St. Lazarus

Walnuts and eggs

Pigafetta described pieces of gold as the size of ____

Raja Colambu and Raja Siaui

The two kings or rulers, of the islands Butuan and Calagan, which had a blood compact with Magellan

Zubu (Cebu)

The largest and best island to get food and most trade

Eagles

On the island of Gatighan, there were bats as large as ____

Don Carlo

After Rajah Humabon was baptized, he was given the name _

Zula and Cilapulapu

The chiefs of the village of Matan

Zula

A chief of the island of Matan. He sent his son to the captain-general asking for military aid against Cilapulapu

Cilapulapu

The chief of Matan who refused to obey the king of Spagnia.

corselets and helmets

Armor worn by the sixty Spaniards who set out for Matan

Balanguais

The boats used when accompanying the Spanish expedition to Matan for war

Cutlass or scimitar

The native weapon used to wound the captain-general on the left leg, causing him to fall face downward

Shields

Used by the natives; described as being made of thin wood which Spanish musketry and crossbow shots could pass through

left leg

Where Magellan was wounded during his battle in Matan with a cutlass

right leg 

Where Magellan was poisoned by an arrow during the battle of Mactan

April 27, 1521

The battle of Mactan was fought on this date

Rajah Humabon

The king of Cebu at the time of Magellan’s expedition

Moro

Name given to the merchant of Ciama which warned Humabon about the Spaniards

Maximilianus Transylvanus

Based his narratives on De Moluccis Insulis on interviews that he conducted with the survivors of Victoria.

Archipelago

Diffused islands in the Philippines form a/an _

7,641

The Philippines consists of islands

Sierra Madre

The longest continuous mountain range in the Philippines, located on Luzon’s Pacific coast.

Rio Grande de Mindanao

The largest river system in the Philippines, draining the central basin of Mindanao

Pacific Seismic Belt

A major area in the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, encompassing the Philippines.

Miracle Rice

A high-yielding variety of rice developed during the Marcos administration to boost production

Mestizoisie

A humorous term for the social class comprised of mestizos

Family ties

The strong bonds of loyalty and support within a Filipino family, which is the central unit of society.

Common traits

Behaviors and characteristics widely shared among a cultural group

Collective responsibility

The concept that an action against one family member is an action against all, and that well-off members are obligated to support their relatives

Fatalism

A belief that events are predetermined by fate, exemplified by the Filipino phrase “Bahala na”

Pakikisama

Originally a noble trait of good camaraderie and cooperation, now often debased to mean going along with the group, even for unjust or corrupt reasons.

Mabuting Makisama

Literally "good to get along with"; now often negatively refers to someone who is popular because they are unscrupulous and do favors unethically.

Masamang Makisama

Literally "bad to get along with"; now often negatively labels someone who is principled and refuses to participate in corrupt practices.

Segurista

A Spanish-derived term for a person who is overly cautious and avoids risk, used to describe a lack of business initiative.

Banaue Rice Terraces

Rice fields that form a scaffold in the mountains of Northern Luzon. Framed as one of the ancient wonders of the world, it has been questioned in recent times for not being more than a thousand years old.

Boxer Codex

This rare document is a collection of illustrations depicting early Filipinos, highlighting the diverse modes of dress across various regions of the Philippines in 1595.

Pintados

The Spanish name for the tattooed Visayans, derived from their widespread practice of body tattooing as ornamentation and a record of war achievements.

Barangay

The basic political unit consisting of some 30 to 100 families

Mestizos

The intermarriuage between the natives and foreigners gave rise to this class.

Fatalistic

“Bahala na” points to what kind of common Filipino trait?

Laguna Copperplate Inscriptions

This pre-colonial artifact utilized ancient script (formerly known as Alibata) and scripts, engraved on a metal surface.

Code of Kalintayaw

The earliest form of laws is believed to have been codified by a Datu in the island Negros was later declared yb the National Musuem to be a forged document.

Tattoos

Ornaments that were used for decorative purposes also served as war medals

Maginoo/Nobles

The ruling class, consisting of the datu (chief) and his family.

Maharlika/Freemen

The commoner class, who owed military service to the datu but were free and land-owning.

Alipin

Occupies the lowest stratum in the Philippine Pre-Colonial society. The lowest social class, who served the upper classes; their status was more akin to debt peonage than chattel slavery.

Aliping namamahay

Servants who lived in their own houses enjoyed some independence and rendered service (usually farm work) to their masters only when needed.

Aliping sa guiguilir

Household slaves, who lived in their master’s house, had no personal freedom and served full-time.

Land-bridge theory

The theory that once considered the Philippines part of mainland Asia

Barter

The primary economic exchange of goods is facilitated by the absence of currency.

Islam

The first formal religion to reach the Philippines was introduced by missionaries in Sulu, which would have spread to Visayas and Luzon had the Spaniards not colonized the Philippines in 1500s

Datu Puti

The leader of the Ten Bornean Datus

China

One of the Asian countries with which the Philippines had strong trading relations, by the numerous ceramic and porcelain articles recovered from various archaeological Philippines.

Mai

The name given to the Philipines by the early Chinese traders

Trial by Ordeal

The series of tests the accused undergoes to determine guilt.

Buwis

The local term for tribute

Putong

Headgear worn to denote the rank of the wearer which comes in various colors

Red putong

Headgear color that signifies that the wearer had killed a man in war

Embroidered putong

Headgear material that is a privileged to wear if the wearer had killed at least seven (7) men

Sanduguan

Otherwise known as blood compact. This custom was exercised to seal an agreement of friendship among the different tribal chieftains

Umalohokan

A town crier who announced new laws and regulations to the entire barangay.

Anito/Diwata

Spirits of nature and ancestors that were venerated and believed to influence daily life; could be either benevolent or malevolent.

Katalona/Baylana

A priest or priestess who acted as a medium between the people and the spirits, performing rituals and sacrifices.

Likha/Larawan

Carved idols made of stone, gold, or ivory that represented deceased relatives and were venerated.

Anting-anting

Wearing this ensures safety from harm and even death.

Islas de Pintados

This place was named after the tattooed people in Visayas

Bigay-kaya

The dowry given by the groom to the bride’s family, which could consist of land, gold, or dependents

Bigay-suso

A sum of money given to the wet nurse (mother) of the bride to gain the parent’s approval for marriage.

Pamumulungan

The period of negotiation between families finalizing the marriage arrangements.

Bathala

Held as the most supreme being among the early inhabitants of the Philippines

Women

___ are clad in tree cloth from their waist down, and their hair is black and reaches the ground

20-30 balangays

The amount of balangays aided Magellan when they attacked Mactan

Board composed of elders

Conflicts arising between subjects of different barangays were resolved by arbitration in which a _ from neutral barangays acted as arbiter

Frugality

The regional trait of the Ilocano or Samtoy

Hedonistic

The regional trait of the Visayan

Temper and religiosity

The regional trait of the Bicolano

Fierce and superior

The regional trait of the Tagalogs

Lovers of freedom

The regional trait of the Muslims

Felipe Landa Jocano

A Filipino anthropologist who challenged the Wave Migration Theory, arguing that Filipinos co-evolved with other Southeast Asian ethnic groups from a common base culture.