Social Psychology

Unit 3

Attribution

explains someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons stable, enduring traits

Dispositional

Intelligence, personality, attutiude

Situational

Group pressure, soical norms, weather, luck

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others' behavior.

Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others behaviors to internal causes.

Self serving Bias

tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors.(Personal qualities) and negative outcomes to external factors (situational influence)

Pessimistic

“it’s all my fault”

Fixed mindset

Optimistic

“ I did the best I could, and i’ll do better next time”

growth mindset

Internal

caused by something that’s in the person (personality) *individual blame

external

caused by something outside of the person (situational)*blame environmental factors

relative deprivation

Perception that we are worth soft relative to those we compare to ourselves

social comparison

comparing ourselves to others, we judge whether we’re succeeding or feeling. When we succeeded or still, the seam rises, when we come up short, our self-esteem plummets

stereotypes

generalized beliefs about the group

implicit bias

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes affect our understanding, actions and decisions

just – world phenomenon

World is fair, people get they deserve

in group bias

favors our own group over others

Ethnocentrism

inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture

Out-group Homogeneity

Members of our group are more similar to each other than they really are

Belief perseverance

happens when someone continues to believe something, even if all evidence points to the contrary

conformation bias

people only research for info that will back up a belief they already have, and will actively avoid Seeking out and thought that opposes their ideas

Halo - effect

tendency ascribe positive attributes to people with one outstanding attribute (attractiveness) these people therefore carry more influence

foot the door technique

start small, go big.

door in the face technique

Go big and unreasonable. Then go to what you want.

role

An expectation about a social position, defining how those in the position should be behave

role theory

Roles we take on in society, dictate our behavior, which tend to influence our attitude

Central route to persuasion

When interested peoples Thinking is influenced by consider considering evidence in argument(stats)

Peripheral route to persuasion

When people influence by incidental cues, such as speakers attractiveness(ads with heartfelt imagery)

cognitive dissonance

When beliefs and action misalign

Informational, social influence

influence resulting frown, a person’s willingness to accept others opinion about reality

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

compliance

Complying with a wish or command

Who was stanley milgram

he invented shock experiment

what percentage of people went all the way up to 450 volts

65%

Social Facilitation

improved performance in the presence of others (simple, well known task) worsens with difficult task

Social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pulling their efforts towards attaining a common goal, then when individually accountable

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and self strain occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Group Polarization

When a group makes a more extreme decision than it’s individual members would have made affect on their own

Group think

desire for Harmony and comformity in a group resulting in irrational decision-making

Social Trap

Doing what’s best for you but it often leads to a bad outcome for the group

Superordinate goals

goals that are worth completing, but required to or more social group

Industrial/organizational psychology

employee, selection, and assignment, training and development, workplace motivation, and job satisfaction -HR

Burnout

Physical, emotional, mental exhaustion caused by prolonged and excessive stress, often from overworking or lack of support

Collectivist cultures

ValuingThe needs of a group or community over individual

individualistic culture

stressing the needs of individual over needs of the group as a whole

Multiculturalism

Places value on the cultural and ethnic groups, maintenance of their unique identities, beliefs, and practice

Altruism

Selfless concerned for the well-being of others, even at a personal cost

social exchange

willing to help and thought that they will get a reward greater in return

Social responsibility norm

Obligation to whether those who are dependent or in need without expecting anything in return

norms of reciprocity

Expectations that people will respond to each other and kind fostering cooperation

Bystander effect

As numbers of individuals increase, the personal responsibility that an individual bystander feel

Diffusion of responsibility

phenomenon where individuals feel less personal accountability when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of action