Studied by 6 peopleCorona is a type of virus
family
What does SARs stand for?
severe acture respiratory syndrome
T/F a virus is living
false
Why is a virus not living
it has no metabolism
What is the goal of a virus?
to propogate itself
Viruses are obligate ____ parastitic _____ element
intracellular; genetic
What is similar to a virus but bacteria
plasmids
What viruses must co-infect hosts?
virophage
viruses that require multiple different particles infecting a host at once
subviral satellites
What are viruses enclosed in?
capsid
What do viruses require
a host cell
What covers the capsid on a corona virus
envelope
A retrovirus has to what to replicate
turn RNA into DNA
What is an example of a retrovirus?
HIV
What type of virus is corona
RNA
What are the more lethal coronaviruses
SARS and MERS
RNA viruses tend to ____ more rapidly than DNA
mutate
RNA viruses require _____ to deal with mutations
multiple vaccines
Why did SARS fail to spread
killes too quickly
Why did MERS fail to spread
hard to spread to humans , mostly in animals
What are the two categories of the microbial world?
organisms and infectious agents
What are the 3 types of organisms?
bacteria, archea, and eucarya
What are teh 3 types of infectious agents?
viruses, viroids, prions
Viroids affect
plants
Prions cause___ _______ disease
chronic wasting
bacteria and archaea are
prokaryotes
Eucarya are
eukaryotes
What projects from coronaviruses surface?
spike proteins
Some RNA viruses have( ) we don’t making them an easier target for ( )
enzymes; drugs
What is creating a specific drug for a part of a virus called?
selective toxicity
The positive RNA genome can be used directly by your ( ) as ( ) to produce proteins
ribosomes; mRNA
What is the receptor for covid?
ACE2
what is the first step of the release of an enveloped virus?
proteins insert spikes into host plasma membrane
What is the 2nd step of the release of an enveloped virus?
viral matrix protein coats inside of host plasma membrane
One coated with the matrix protein in the release of an enveloped virus the nucleocapsid _______ from the host cell and gets enveloped with ____________
extrudes; protein spikes
Where does enveloped viruses get their envelope from
the host cell plasma membrane
What are the two common internilization mechanisms for a virus to get into a host cell?
membrane fusion and endocytosis
What are the 4 steps to membrane fusion virus entry
adsorption, membrane, nucleocapsid released into cytoplasm, and uncoating
During adsorption of membrane fusion spikes of the viroin at to specific host cell ( )
receptors
During membrane fusion what fuses with what?
envelope and host plasma membrane
In membrane fusion the just the ( ) is released into the cell and ( ) remains part of the plasma membrane
nucleocapsid, envelope
In uncoating ( ) seperates from ( )
nucleic acid, capsid
In endocytosis of a virus, the ( ) surrounds the virion, forming a ( )
plasma membrane, endocytic vesicle
endocytosis is ( ) mediated
receptor
Why are antibodies not good for encapsid virus
they can’t recognize the virus
What drug prevents spikes from binding?
entry inhibitor
antibody drugs combine with ( ) to not reject
antigen
spikes are a good target for our
immune system
What are the two types of vaccines used for corona virus?
mRNA and viral vector
how does a viral vector vaccine work
a engineered psuedovirus is made to expose your system to spikes with a less severe cold virus
an mRNA virus is packaged ( ) that ( ) quickly
RNA , degrades
Where is a mRNA vaccine injected
intramuscularly
What is in an mRNA vaccine,
mRNA that encodes to specfic spike proteins on the virus
What are some advantages of a viral vector vaccine
its safer for the facility because a less dangerous virus is used
vaccinia =
smallpox
What viruses are commonly used in viral vector vaccines
adenovirus and rhinovirus
RNA viruses typically mutate to lower ( )
virulence
What viruses are examples of zoonosis
rabies, MERS
enveloped viruses are more ______ than naked viruses
fragile
what does the suffix -mab mean?
monoclonal antibody
what aer two antibody drugs?
REGEN-COV, bamlanivimab
What is a entry inhibitor drug for HIV
maraviroc
in mRNA vaccines ( ) is injected to encode for ( ) of virus
mRNA, spike proteins
where are mRNA vaccines injected?
intramuscularly
mRNA vaccines ( ) quickly
degrade
the viral vector vaccine encourages your own ( ) to make an ( )
cells; antigen
What are the 3 effecss of a high mutation rate in RNA viruses
-escape vaccines easier
-mutate more dangerous
-or lower virulence
What is the idea of balanced pathogenicity?
viruses want to develop but don’t want to kill their hosts
When a virus jumps to a new host what doesn’t apply
rules to balanced pathogenicity
Mutations of virsues are ( )
RANDOM
What are the 5 outcomes of mutations in viruses?
-no change
-unable to replicate
-little increase in virulence
-great increase in virulence
-decrease in virulence
Is a decrease in virulence of a virus good or bad and why? (for the virus)
good; becuase it permits more rapid spread
The 3 ways for viruses to be less virulent is to become ..--less ( ),
-( ) infection process
-increase in ( ) period
dangerous, slower, mismatch
What is the mistmatch period?
What outcomes of mutations fail?
inability to replicate
great increase in virulence
any mutation that reduces spread is ( ) to persist
unlikely
What is shedding?
spreading a virus
in SARs-CoV-2 is people who are sicker (are/aren’t) more contagious
aren’t
The greater the ( ) of covid the more severe the disease will be
initial exposure
What population of people with covid does the drug Remdesivir work best for?
mild cases, with no oxygen
What population did Remdesivir not work well for
severe cases with ventiliation
Remdesivir is a ( ) type of drug
nucleotide analog
what do nucleotide analog drugs do?
block viral genome replication
What disease was Remdesivir originally developed for?
Hepititis C
Remdesivir is selectively ( ) for the viral ( )
toxic; enzyme
Which covid drug showed promise for the most severe cases?
Dexamethazone
What type of drug is dexamethazone?
steroid (glucocortcoid)
What are the 4 types of treatments (drugs) for Covid?
remdesivir, dexamethazone, antibodies, paxlovid
when does antibody treatment work for covid?
early
Why is antibodies a bad treatment for covid?
-expensive
-hard to produce in quantities
What do -ase enzymes do?
hydrolysize
What 2 things is paxlovid a combination of?
nermaterlvir and ritonavir
Nermatrelvir blocks coronavirus ( ) enzyme
protease
nermatrelvir prevents viral ( ) from being useful, therefore blocking ( )
polyprotein; replication
Why is ritonavir needed in paxlovid?
-inhibits human enzyme from destroying nermatrelvir
Whta was ritonavir developed for?
HIV
What brand vaccines are RNA vaccines?
moderna, Pfizer
Which type of vaccine is J &J
viral vector
transcription is ___ to _______
DNA, mRNA
translation is ____ to ______
mRNA, proteins
Note
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