Microbio Exam 1

Covid/ Viruses

Corona is a type of virus

family

What does SARs stand for?

severe acture respiratory syndrome

T/F a virus is living

false

Why is a virus not living

it has no metabolism

What is the goal of a virus?

to propogate itself

Viruses are obligate ____ __parastitic__ _____ element

intracellular; genetic

What is similar to a virus but bacteria

plasmids

What viruses must co-infect hosts?

virophage

viruses that require multiple different particles infecting a host at once

subviral satellites

What are viruses enclosed in?

capsid

What do viruses require

a host cell

What covers the capsid on a corona virus

envelope

A retrovirus has to what to replicate

turn RNA into DNA

What is an example of a retrovirus?

HIV

What type of virus is corona

RNA

What are the more lethal coronaviruses

SARS and MERS

RNA viruses tend to ____ more rapidly than DNA

mutate

RNA viruses require _____ to deal with mutations

multiple vaccines

Why did SARS fail to spread

killes too quickly

Why did MERS fail to spread

hard to spread to humans , mostly in animals

What are the two categories of the microbial world?

organisms and infectious agents

What are the 3 types of organisms?

bacteria, archea, and eucarya

What are teh 3 types of infectious agents?

viruses, viroids, prions

Viroids affect

plants

Prions cause___ _______ disease

chronic wasting

bacteria and archaea are

prokaryotes

Eucarya are

eukaryotes

What projects from coronaviruses surface?

spike proteins

Some RNA viruses have( ) we don’t making them an easier target for ( )

enzymes; drugs

What is creating a specific drug for a part of a virus called?

selective toxicity

The positive RNA genome can be used directly by your ( ) as ( ) to produce proteins

ribosomes; mRNA

What is the receptor for covid?

ACE2

what is the first step of the release of an enveloped virus?

proteins insert spikes into host plasma membrane

What is the 2nd step of the release of an enveloped virus?

viral matrix protein coats inside of host plasma membrane

One coated with the matrix protein in the release of an enveloped virus the nucleocapsid _______ from the host cell and gets enveloped with ____________

extrudes; protein spikes

Where does enveloped viruses get their envelope from

the host cell plasma membrane

What are the two common internilization mechanisms for a virus to get into a host cell?

membrane fusion and endocytosis

What are the 4 steps to membrane fusion virus entry

adsorption, membrane, nucleocapsid released into cytoplasm, and uncoating

During adsorption of membrane fusion spikes of the viroin at to specific host cell ( )

receptors

During membrane fusion what fuses with what?

envelope and host plasma membrane

In membrane fusion the just the ( ) is released into the cell and ( ) remains part of the plasma membrane

nucleocapsid, envelope

In uncoating ( ) seperates from ( )

nucleic acid, capsid

In endocytosis of a virus, the ( ) surrounds the virion, forming a ( )

plasma membrane, endocytic vesicle

endocytosis is ( ) mediated

receptor

Why are antibodies not good for encapsid virus

they can’t recognize the virus

What drug prevents spikes from binding?

entry inhibitor

antibody drugs combine with ( ) to not reject

antigen

spikes are a good target for our

immune system

What are the two types of vaccines used for corona virus?

mRNA and viral vector

how does a viral vector vaccine work

a engineered psuedovirus is made to expose your system to spikes with a less severe cold virus

an mRNA virus is packaged ( ) that ( ) quickly

RNA , degrades

Where is a mRNA vaccine injected

intramuscularly

What is in an mRNA vaccine,

mRNA that encodes to specfic spike proteins on the virus

What are some advantages of a viral vector vaccine

its safer for the facility because a less dangerous virus is used

vaccinia =

smallpox

What viruses are commonly used in viral vector vaccines

adenovirus and rhinovirus

RNA viruses typically mutate to lower ( )

virulence

What viruses are examples of zoonosis

rabies, MERS

enveloped viruses are more ______ than naked viruses

fragile

what does the suffix -mab mean?

monoclonal antibody

what aer two antibody drugs?

REGEN-COV, bamlanivimab

What is a entry inhibitor drug for HIV

maraviroc

in mRNA vaccines ( ) is injected to encode for ( ) of virus

mRNA, spike proteins

where are mRNA vaccines injected?

intramuscularly

mRNA vaccines ( ) quickly

degrade

the viral vector vaccine encourages your own ( ) to make an ( )

cells; antigen

What are the 3 effecss of a high mutation rate in RNA viruses

\-escape vaccines easier

\-mutate more dangerous

\-or lower virulence

What is the idea of balanced pathogenicity?

viruses want to develop but don’t want to kill their hosts

When a virus jumps to a new host what doesn’t apply

rules to balanced pathogenicity

Mutations of virsues are ( )

RANDOM

What are the 5 outcomes of mutations in viruses?

\-no change

\-unable to replicate

\-little increase in virulence

\-great increase in virulence

\-decrease in virulence

Is a decrease in virulence of a virus good or bad and why? (for the virus)

good; becuase it permits more rapid spread

The 3 ways for viruses to be less virulent is to become ..--less ( ),

\-( ) infection process

\-increase in ( ) period

dangerous, slower, mismatch

What is the mistmatch period?

What outcomes of mutations fail?

* inability to replicate
* great increase in virulence

any mutation that reduces spread is ( ) to persist

unlikely

What is shedding?

spreading a virus

in SARs-CoV-2 is people who are sicker (are/aren’t) more contagious

aren’t

The greater the ( ) of covid the more severe the disease will be

initial exposure

What population of people with covid does the drug Remdesivir work best for?

mild cases, with no oxygen

What population did Remdesivir not work well for

severe cases with ventiliation

Remdesivir is a ( ) type of drug

nucleotide analog

what do nucleotide analog drugs do?

block viral genome replication

What disease was Remdesivir originally developed for?

Hepititis C

Remdesivir is selectively ( ) for the viral ( )

toxic; enzyme

Which covid drug showed promise for the most severe cases?

Dexamethazone

What type of drug is dexamethazone?

steroid (glucocortcoid)

What are the 4 types of treatments (drugs) for Covid?

remdesivir, dexamethazone, antibodies, paxlovid

when does antibody treatment work for covid?

early

Why is antibodies a bad treatment for covid?

\-expensive

\-hard to produce in quantities

What do -ase enzymes do?

hydrolysize

What 2 things is paxlovid a combination of?

nermaterlvir and ritonavir

Nermatrelvir blocks coronavirus ( ) enzyme

protease

nermatrelvir prevents viral ( ) from being useful, therefore blocking ( )

polyprotein; replication

Why is ritonavir needed in paxlovid?

\-inhibits human enzyme from destroying nermatrelvir

Whta was ritonavir developed for?

HIV

What brand vaccines are RNA vaccines?

moderna, Pfizer

Which type of vaccine is J &J

viral vector

transcription is ___ __to__ _______

DNA, mRNA

translation is ____ __to__ ______

mRNA, proteins