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Structuralism
The study of the structure of the human mind through introspection.
Functionalism
The study of how mental and behavioral processes function and adapt to help individuals survive and flourish.
Behaviorism
The approach to psychology that focuses on observing and studying people's behavior and how they respond, react, and learn in different situations.
Humanistic psychology
The branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of the current environment in nurturing or limiting personal growth and understanding the needs for love and acceptance.
Clinical psychology
The field of psychology that involves the study, assessment, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders.
Introspection
The process of asking individuals questions about their experiences in order to understand their inner thoughts and feelings, although it is considered unreliable.
Evolutionary psychology
The study of how biology and experiences contribute to the evolution of behavior and the mind.
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychiatry
The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders, including the ability to prescribe medication to address physical causes.
Community psychology
The field of psychology that focuses on understanding how people interact in social environments and the impact of social institutions, with the goal of developing healthy environments for all.
Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt (father of psych) is known for creating the first psychology laboratory (1879) and conducting experiments, such as the one where participants had to press a key as soon as they heard a sound, which revealed differences in conscious awareness and reaction times.
James
William James explored the functions of emotion, habit, memory, willpower, and consciousness, contributing to the development of functionalism.
Tichtner
Edward Titchener was known for his approach of introspection and structuralism in psychology.
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have predicted it all along, also known as the "I knew it all along" phenomenon.
Critical thinking
The process of examining assumptions, appraising the source, discerning hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions in order to make informed judgments.
Theory
An explanation that uses an integrated set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior.
hypothesis
testable prediction; implied by theory
operational definition
carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in research
double blind procedure
research participants + staff are ignorant about who receives the treatment or placebo
control group
didn’t get the treatment; used to compared to other groups
mode
most frequently occurring score
range
difference between highest and lowest values
statistical significance
statistical statement of how likely the result was by chance
intuition
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling/thought; contrast conscious reasoning
replication
doing it multiple times
case study
analysis of an individual/group; trying to apply it to a bigger picture
survey
asking people questions; obtain self reported attitudes/behaviors; random sampling
population
entirety of the sample/subjects
random sample
choosing randomly to avoid sampling bias
naturalistic observation
watching or recording natural behavior; correlations
placebo effect
result cause by expectation - think they got the treatment
independent variable
factor manipulates; variable whose effect is being studied
median
middle score
standard deviation
how much the scores varied/deviated
debrief
post experimental explanation of the study to participants
longitudinal study
research with same people over a long period of time
correlation
extent to which 2 factors vary together + predict the other
correlation coefficient
statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (-1.00 - +1.00)
illusory correlation
recall confirming instances for relationships; illusion to control illusion that uncontrollable events correlate with our actions; when one perceives a relationship between 2 variables when one exist
experiment
research method where one manipulates +1 factor to observe effect; cause + effect result
random assignment
assign randomly; minimize difference in groups
experimental group
research participants who got the treatment
dependent variable
outcome is measured; variable may change when independent variable changed
mean
average
normal curve
bell shape curve
regression toward the mean
tendency for extent sources/events to regress to average/normal
informed consent
giving potential subjects enough info about the study to let them choose
confounding variable
other factors that may produce an effect
industrial organizational
scientific study aimed to solve practical problems
cross section study
similar people of different ages are compared with one another
descriptive statistics
summarize + describe main features of a dataset
inferential statistic
using data to draw conclusions or make predictions about a larger sample/population